Fringe science refers to scientific ideas and theories that are considered to be outside the mainstream scientific consensus. These concepts often lack substantial empirical support or reproducibility and may not adhere to the rigorous methodologies and standards typically expected in established scientific fields. Fringe science can include topics that border on pseudoscience, where they might make claims that cannot be tested or falsified, or where they rely on anecdotal evidence rather than systematic research.

Isotope dilution is a quantitative analytical technique used to determine the concentration of a specific substance in a sample by using isotopically labeled compounds. This method relies on the principle that when a known quantity of an isotopically enriched (labeled) version of the substance is mixed with the sample, the ratio of the isotopes can be measured. It is particularly useful for analyzing trace elements and compounds in complex matrices where conventional techniques might be less effective.

MFEM (Modular Finite Element Methods) is an open-source software framework designed for the simulation of partial differential equations (PDEs) using finite element methods. It is particularly used in the fields of scientific computing, engineering, and applied mathematics. MFEM provides a modular and flexible environment that allows users to implement and test numerical algorithms, make use of advanced features like adaptive mesh refinement, and leverage high-performance computing capabilities.

Progressive contextualization is a methodology commonly discussed in fields such as education, psychology, and intercultural communication. It refers to the process of gradually adapting and modifying content or concepts to fit the cultural, social, or contextual backgrounds of the audience or learners. The aim is to make the information more relevant and understandable by connecting it to the learner's prior knowledge and experiences.

Scientific control refers to the systematic and methodical approach used in scientific investigations to ensure that the results of an experiment are valid and reliable. It involves several key principles and practices aimed at eliminating or minimizing the influence of extraneous variables, allowing researchers to draw accurate conclusions about the relationship between independent and dependent variables. Key components of scientific control include: 1. **Control Groups**: In experiments, control groups do not receive the experimental treatment or manipulation that is applied to the experimental groups.

"Scientific enterprise" refers to the collective activities, organizations, and processes involved in the pursuit of scientific research and knowledge creation. It encompasses a wide range of components, including: 1. **Research Institutions:** Universities, laboratories, and research organizations that conduct scientific investigations and experiments. 2. **Funding Agencies:** Government bodies, private foundations, and corporations that provide financial support for scientific research.

Agros2D is a software framework designed for simulating complex agricultural systems, particularly for research and development purposes. It typically integrates various environmental and agricultural variables to model and analyze practices, crop growth, pest dynamics, and other relevant factors affecting agriculture. Such frameworks often incorporate functionalities for data visualization, modeling different scenarios, and aiding decision-making processes in agricultural practices.

Scientific priority generally refers to the recognition of who was the first to make a particular scientific discovery or to develop a new theory, concept, or method. This concept is important in the scientific community because it can affect authorship of research, credit for discoveries, and the allocation of funding or resources. Key aspects of scientific priority include: 1. **Publication**: The priority is often established through publications in peer-reviewed scientific journals.

FEATool Multiphysics is a software application designed for simulating and analyzing multiphysical problems using finite element analysis (FEA). It provides a user-friendly interface for modeling, solving, and visualizing complex physical phenomena that involve multiple interacting physical processes, such as fluid dynamics, heat transfer, structural mechanics, and chemical reactions.

Twyman's Law is a principle related to the performance of optical systems, particularly in the context of optical imaging and lens design. It states that "the better a lens appears to be in a critique, the worse its performance actually is." Essentially, it suggests that a lens that seems to have excellent optical characteristics based on subjective assessments or superficial tests may actually have significant flaws in actual performance. This law highlights the importance of rigorous testing and measurement over subjective judgment when evaluating optical systems.

As of my last update in October 2023, "Andrew Plummer" could refer to several individuals, as it is a relatively common name. Without more context, it's difficult to specify which Andrew Plummer you might be referring to. For instance, he could be a scholar, an athlete, a professional in a particular field, or someone notable in popular culture.

CloudSim is a simulation framework designed for modeling and simulating cloud computing environments, services, and applications. It provides a way for researchers and developers to create and evaluate cloud resource management algorithms and strategies without needing to deploy a real cloud infrastructure.

A bond graph is a graphical representation used to model complex systems in engineering, particularly in the fields of mechanical, electrical, hydraulic, and other physical systems. It provides a unified framework for analyzing the flow of energy throughout a system by representing the interactions between different components. In a bond graph, the fundamental concepts include: 1. **Bonds**: Bonds represent the interaction between two system ports. They are depicted as directed lines connecting components, indicating the flow of energy.

GoldSim is a software application designed for dynamic simulation modeling, particularly in the fields of engineering, environmental science, risk analysis, and project management. It uses a visual interface that allows users to construct simulation models graphically, incorporating various components such as processes, feedback loops, and stochastic elements. Key features of GoldSim include: 1. **Dynamic Simulation**: GoldSim supports time-based simulations, allowing users to model systems over time and analyze how different variables interact.

Cargill Gilston Knott is a global firm that primarily provides consulting and advisory services related to agricultural and natural resource sectors. The firm specializes in a range of areas including market analysis, business strategy, risk management, and sustainability initiatives. Their expertise covers various commodities, agricultural practices, and supply chain dynamics. It's worth noting that the company is known for its data-driven approach and its focus on helping clients navigate challenges in the evolving landscape of agriculture and food production.

James Hough could refer to several notable individuals or concepts, depending on the context. One prominent figure is James Hough, an English mathematician known for his contributions to mathematics, particularly in the field of algebra and topology. He might also refer to a historical or contemporary figure from different fields such as science, engineering, or literature.

A runoff model, particularly in the context of hydrology, is a computational or conceptual framework used to simulate and predict the flow of water (runoff) from land surfaces into waterways, such as rivers and lakes. These models are particularly important for managing water resources, flood forecasting, and studying the hydrological cycle. ### Key Components of a Runoff Model 1. **Precipitation Input**: Rainfall and snowmelt are key inputs that drive the runoff process.

SU2 is a software package primarily used for computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and the simulation of multiphysics problems. It was developed by researchers at Stanford University and is released as open-source software under the GNU General Public License (GPL). The name "SU2" stands for "Stanford University Unstructured," indicating its focus on unstructured mesh methods, which are widely used in CFD applications for their flexibility in handling complex geometries.

ViEWER (Viral Epidemiology and Watch for Emerging RNA viruses) is a project or tool designed to monitor and analyze emerging viral infections. It typically focuses on RNA viruses, tracking epidemiological trends and helping public health officials understand and respond to outbreaks. The ViEWER initiative may involve data collection, genomic sequencing, and bioinformatics to identify new strains of viruses, how they spread, and their potential impact on public health.

Andrew Gordon, in the context of the Benedictine tradition, might refer to a specific individual associated with the Benedictine order, which emphasizes community, prayer, and service. However, there isn't widely recognized information readily available about a person named Andrew Gordon specifically tied to the Benedictine order.