IT-backed authoritarianism refers to a form of governance where authoritarian regimes leverage information technology to enhance their control over society, maintain power, and suppress dissent. This concept encompasses several key elements: 1. **Surveillance**: Authoritarian governments utilize advanced surveillance technologies, such as facial recognition, data mining, and online monitoring, to track citizens' activities and behavior. This creates a climate of fear and discourages opposition.

James W. York could refer to various individuals, as it is a relatively common name. If you are looking for information about a specific James W. York, could you please provide more context or details about who he is or the field he is associated with?

Harold Brown served as the United States Secretary of Defense from 1977 to 1981 under President Jimmy Carter. Born on September 19, 1927, Brown was an influential figure during a time of significant challenges in U.S. defense policy, including handling issues related to nuclear strategy, arms control, and the Cold War dynamics. Before becoming Secretary of Defense, Brown held various positions, including serving as the Secretary of the Air Force and working at the RAND Corporation.

Heike Kamerlingh Onnes was a Dutch physicist known for his pioneering work in low-temperature physics. He was born on September 21, 1853, and passed away on February 21, 1926. Onnes is perhaps best known for his discovery of superconductivity in 1911, when he observed that the electrical resistance of mercury disappeared completely when it was cooled below a certain critical temperature (approximately 4.2 K, or -268.95 °C).

The Helikon vortex separation process is a technology used primarily for the separation of materials based on their physical properties, particularly in the context of recycling and waste management. This process harnesses the principles of vortex motion and plasma physics to enhance separation efficiency. Here's a detailed breakdown of how the Helikon vortex separation process works: 1. **Vortex Motion**: The process creates a strong vortex flow, which generates a centrifugal force that helps to separate different materials based on their density and size.

Megan Price could refer to various individuals, but without more context, it’s difficult to determine exactly which Megan Price you are referring to. There may be people with that name involved in different professions, such as academia, entertainment, or other fields.

As of my last knowledge update in October 2023, "Metastate" could refer to a variety of concepts depending on the context, but it is not a widely recognized term. In general, the prefix "meta-" implies a level of abstraction or a self-referential quality, indicating that "Metastate" could pertain to a state or condition that involves higher-level thinking or a juxtaposition of states.

Michele Stefano de Rossi is not widely recognized in mainstream sources or historical texts as of my last update in October 2021. However, the name could refer to a specific individual in academic circles, arts, or other fields that may not have significant coverage in more popular databases.

Mohammad Hajiaghayi is a prominent computer scientist known for his contributions in areas such as algorithm design, computational complexity, and graph theory. He has worked on various topics, including approximation algorithms, algorithmic game theory, and network design. Hajiaghayi has published numerous research papers and has been involved in both academic and practical applications of computer science.

Molar heat capacity (often represented as \( C_m \)) is a physical property of a substance that indicates the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one mole of that substance by one degree Celsius (or one Kelvin). It reflects how much heat energy is absorbed or released when a substance undergoes a temperature change.

The Multispecies Coalescent (MSC) process is a theoretical framework used in population genetics and phylogenetics to model the ancestry of species and the gene flow between them. It extends the coalescent theory, which was originally developed to describe the genealogical processes of a single population, to multiple species that may have shared a common ancestral population.

The Nonlinear Dirac Equation is a modification of the standard Dirac equation, which describes fermionic particles, such as electrons, in the framework of quantum mechanics and quantum field theory. The standard Dirac equation is linear and represents the relativistic wavefunction of spin-½ particles, preserving properties such as probability conservation and Lorentz invariance.

Olga Hahn-Neurath was an Austrian philosopher and a significant figure in the field of scientific philosophy and the philosophy of science. She was born in 1882 and passed away in 1937. Hahn-Neurath is particularly known for her work in logic, the philosophy of language, and her contributions to the development of the social sciences. She was involved with the Vienna Circle, a group of philosophers and scientists dedicated to logical positivism and the development of a formal language for science.

Orders of magnitude in the context of temperature refers to the scale or range of temperatures, often expressed in powers of ten. This concept is used to compare temperatures quantitatively by showing how many times one temperature is greater than another using logarithmic scales. For example: 1. **Absolute Zero** (0 Kelvin or -273.15°C) is considered 0 K. 2. **Room Temperature** is about 300 K (approximately 27°C).

The overhand throw is a technique used in various sports and activities, such as baseball, softball, football, and ultimate frisbee, among others. It involves throwing an object, like a ball or frisbee, over the shoulder with an arm motion that extends above the head.

In mathematics, particularly in the field of complex analysis, the term "holomorph" typically refers to a function that is holomorphic. A holomorphic function is a complex function that is defined on an open subset of the complex plane and is differentiable at every point in its domain with respect to the complex variable.

In basketball, "economy" often refers to the efficiency with which a player or team utilizes their possessions and resources to score points or achieve success in a game. This concept encompasses several factors, including the number of shots taken, the quality of those shots, the scoring efficiency, and the decision-making in both offensive and defensive plays.

The Japan–North Korea Pyongyang Declaration, signed on September 17, 2002, is a significant agreement between the governments of Japan and North Korea. This agreement was reached during a summit in Pyongyang, where then-Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi met with North Korean leader Kim Jong-il.