Ken Caldeira is a prominent climate scientist known for his research in climate change, particularly regarding the impacts of greenhouse gases and the potential consequences of geoengineering. He has contributed significantly to the understanding of carbon cycle processes and the effects of climate change on ecosystems. Caldeira has worked at institutions such as the Carnegie Institution for Science and has been involved in discussions around climate policy. He is also known for his advocacy of science communication related to climate issues.

Ylem is a term used historically in cosmology and physics to describe a primordial substance or matter from which the universe was created. The term originates from the ancient Greek word "hylē," meaning "matter" or "stuff." In modern contexts, ylem was particularly popularized in the mid-20th century when discussing theories of the early universe and the Big Bang.

The Energy Catalyzer, commonly referred to as the E-Cat, is a controversial device developed by Italian inventor Andrea Rossi. It is claimed to produce excess heat through a process referred to as "cold fusion" or low-energy nuclear reactions (LENR). Rossi's assertions suggest that the E-Cat can generate more energy than it consumes, theoretically providing a source of clean and abundant energy.

A helical engine is a type of engine design characterized by its use of helical (or spiral) shaped components that work together to convert energy into mechanical power. While the specifics can vary significantly depending on the context, helical engines typically refer to designs that seek efficiency in converting energy sources (such as thermal energy from fuel combustion or electromagnetic energy) into propulsion or mechanical work.

A water-fuelled car typically refers to a vehicle that utilizes water as a primary source of fuel, often in the context of a concept or technology involving water and hydrogen. The most common interpretation involves a process called electrolysis, which splits water (H₂O) into hydrogen and oxygen gases. The hydrogen produced can then be used as fuel for combustion in an engine or as a fuel cell.

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The Atacama B-Mode Search (ABS) is an astrophysical research project focused on measuring the B-mode polarization of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) radiation. B-mode polarization is a specific type of polarization pattern in the CMB that can provide insights into the early universe, particularly regarding inflation, which is the rapid expansion of the universe that is theorized to have occurred just after the Big Bang.

The Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) was a satellite launched by NASA on November 18, 1989, and designed to study the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR) of the universe. The primary goals of COBE were to measure the CMBR's temperature and to explore the structure and anisotropies (small variations in temperature) within it.

The Qubic experiment (short for "QUBIC: Q & U B-mode Imaging Experiment") is a scientific project designed to investigate the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation. Specifically, it focuses on detecting and characterizing the polarization of the CMB, particularly the B-mode polarization, which is a potential signature of gravitational waves from the early universe, such as those produced during cosmic inflation.

The Geophysical Institute is typically an academic or research institution focused on the study of various geophysical phenomena, which may include areas such as geology, meteorology, oceanography, and seismology. These institutes are often affiliated with universities and conduct research, provide education, and develop technologies related to Earth sciences.

The Decennial Mineral Exploration Conferences are events that typically occur every ten years, focusing on the latest advancements, research, techniques, and practices in mineral exploration and mining. These conferences bring together geologists, geophysicists, mining engineers, environmental scientists, and industry professionals to share knowledge, discuss trends, and explore innovations in the field of mineral exploration. Usually, these conferences involve presentations, panel discussions, workshops, and networking opportunities.

The China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) is a major research facility located in Dongguan, Guangdong Province, China. It is designed for conducting advanced neutron scattering experiments, which are vital for a range of scientific fields, including materials science, biology, chemistry, and physics. The CSNS operates using a technique called spallation, where neutrons are produced by bombarding a target material (often made of heavy metals like tungsten or mercury) with high-energy protons.

In the context of National Physical Laboratory (NPL) measurement science, "Time" refers to precise timekeeping and measurements related to time standards. The NPL is known for its work in developing and maintaining national measurement standards, including time and frequency standards. MSF (Master Standard Frequency) is a time signal transmitted by the National Physical Laboratory in the UK, which provides accurate time and frequency information to users.

Dubna is a city in Russia, located about 125 kilometers northeast of Moscow, on the banks of the Volga River. It is known primarily for hosting the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR), an international research organization that conducts scientific research in nuclear physics and related fields. JINR was established in 1956 and has played a significant role in various scientific discoveries and collaborations, bringing together scientists from multiple countries.

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"P2FKH" terminology mentioned e.g. at: Data Insertion in Bitcoin's Blockchain by Andrew Sward, Vecna OP_0 and Forrest Stonedahl.