Given the view of the Standard Model where the electron and quarks are just completely separate matter fields, there is at first sight no clear theoretical requirement for that.

As mentioned e.g. at QED and the men who made it: Dyson, Feynman, Schwinger, and Tomonaga by Silvan Schweber (1994) chapter 1.6 "Hole theory", Dirac initially wanted to think of the holes in his hole theory as the protons, as a way to not have to postulate a new particle, the positron, and as a way to "explain" the proton in similar terms. Others however soon proposed arguments why the positron would need to have the same mass, and this idea had to be discarded.

For scales from absolute 0 like Kelvin, is proportional to the total kinetic energy of the material.

The Boltzmann constant tells us how much energy that is, i.e. gives the slope.

One of the leading figures of the early development of quantum electrodynamics.

Since DNA is the centerpiece of life, Ciro Santilli is extremely excited about DNA-related technologies, see also: molecular biology technologies.

mlcommons.org/en/ Their homepage is not amazingly organized, but it does the job.

Benchmark focused on deep learning. It has two parts:Furthermore, a specific network model is specified for each benchmark in the closed category: so it goes beyond just specifying the dataset.

Results can be seen e.g. at:Those URLs broke as of 2025 of course, now you have to click on their Tableau down to the 2.1 round and there's no fixed URL for it:

And there are also separate repositories for each:

E.g. on mlcommons.org/en/training-normal-21/ we can see what the the benchmarks are:

How genes form bodies.

The Linux Kernel reserves two zones of virtual memory:

The exact split is configured by CONFIG_VMSPLIT_.... By default:

Kernel memory is also paged.

In previous versions, the paging was continuous, but with HIGHMEM this changed.

There is no clear physical memory split: stackoverflow.com/questions/30471742/physical-memory-userspace-kernel-split-on-linux-x86-64