Contains the gene: e. Coli K-12 MG1655 gene thrL.

Subset of the longer E. Coli K-12 MG1655 transcription unit thrLABC.

Contains the genes: e. Coli K-12 MG1655 gene thrL, e. Coli K-12 MG1655 gene thrA, e. Coli K-12 MG1655 gene thrB and e. Coli K-12 MG1655 gene thrC.

See: internal and spacetime symmetries.

Maybe the most famous one is Mycoplasma genitalium byt there are others, and notably with lower biosafety levels:

GPU accelerated, simulates the Craig's minimized M. genitalium, JCVI-syn3A at a particle basis of some kind.

Lab head is the cutest-looking lady ever: chemistry.illinois.edu/zan, Zaida (Zan) Luthey-Schulten.

github.com/CovertLab/WholeCell Arghh, MATLAB. github.com/CovertLab/WholeCellSimDB

www.wholecellviz.org/viz.php awesome visualization of simtk, paper: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3413483/ A Whole-Cell Computational Model Predicts Phenotype from Genotype - 2013 - Jonathan R. Karr.

Followed up by the E. Coli Whole Cell Model by Covert Lab.

www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/03/07/a-journey-to-the-center-of-our-cells A Journey to the Center of Our Cells (2022) by James Somers comments on M. genitalium in general, and in particular on the JCVI strains.

essential metabolism for a minimal cell (2019) mentions:

phenomena.nationalgeographic.com/2016/04/21/we-built-the-worlds-simplest-cell-but-dunno-how-it-works/ likely talks about it.

Stuff built on top:

www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.09.19.508583v1.fullIt is also interesting to see how they are interested in co-culture with HeLa cells, presumably to enable infectious bacterial disease studies.

At biology.indiana.edu/news-events/news/2023/lennon-minimal-cells.html (2023) they let it re-evove to it it would regain some fitness, and it did.

Name of the clade of archaea plus eukarya proposed at: www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2015.00717/full. Much better term than prokaryote as that is not a clade. Let's hope it catches on!

Archaea are much more closely related to the eukaryotes than bacteria, see e.g. Figure "Coral of life by János Podani (2019)" which shows how archaea diverged from eukarya almost 2 By after LUCA!

It therefore appears that the mitochondrial endosymbiosis happened when a bacteria like cell joined up with an archaea.

Some notable points in which archaea look more like eukaryotes than bacteria:

In the context of abstract algebra, the term "derivative algebra" often does not refer to a specific well-established area like group theory or ring theory, but it may relate to a couple of concepts in algebra associated with derivatives. One such area is the study of derivations in algebraic structures, particularly in the context of rings. ### Derivations in Algebras 1.

The Fox derivative is a mathematical concept related to fractional calculus and special functions. It generalizes the notion of derivatives to fractional orders, allowing for the differentiation of functions with non-integer orders. This concept is often used in areas such as signal processing, control theory, and other applied mathematics fields. In essence, the Fox derivative is defined using the framework of the Fox H-function, which is a general class of functions that encompasses many special functions used in mathematics and applied sciences.

Linear topology, also referred to as a **linear order topology** or **order topology**, is a concept in topology that arises from the properties of linearly ordered sets. The primary idea is to define a topology on a linearly ordered set that reflects its order structure.

This group is a mess.

But one thing you should really know, as often mentioned in Power, Sex, Suicide by Nick Lane (2006): they are all eukaryotes.

Because prokaryotes are fundamentally unable to do phagocytosis, because they have a rigid cell wall. Changing cell shape at will requires a cytoskeleton.