Thomas Henry Havelock (1790–1857) was a British Army officer known for his role during the Indian Rebellion of 1857. He was particularly noted for his leadership in the recapture of Delhi and the relief of the besieged British garrison in Lucknow. Havelock's military career spanned several campaigns, but he gained fame for his effective command and quick actions during the uprising, where he successfully navigated difficult circumstances to perform notable military feats.

"Advanced Composite Materials" is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that focuses on the research and development of advanced composite materials. These materials typically consist of two or more constituent materials with significantly different physical or chemical properties that remain distinct at macroscopic scales. The combination often leads to enhanced properties such as increased strength, lower weight, improved durability, and better resistance to environmental factors.

A skew-symmetric graph, in the context of graph theory, refers to a special type of directed graph (digraph) that exhibits certain symmetrical properties in its edges.

Oleg Marichev is a distinguished Russian mathematician known for his contributions to both theoretical and applied mathematics. He has made significant advancements in areas such as functional analysis, operator theory, and mathematical statistics. Throughout his career, Marichev has published numerous research papers and has been involved in various academic and professional activities, including teaching and mentoring students in mathematics.

A Regular Hadamard matrix is a special type of orthogonal matrix that is composed of entries from the set \{-1, 1\}.

Arcady Zhukov is a name that may refer to multiple subjects, but in the context of popular culture or recent developments, it might not be widely recognized.

"Americana" generally refers to artifacts, traditions, and cultural elements that are characteristic of the United States, encompassing its history, folklore, and popular culture.

Interatomic potential refers to the energy associated with interactions between atoms in a material. It describes how atoms in a substance affect one another through various types of forces, such as ionic, covalent, and van der Waals interactions. These potentials are crucial in computational physics and chemistry, as they allow researchers to model and predict the behavior of materials at the atomic level.

See also: github.com/cirosantilli/awesome-whole-cell-simulation

As of 2019, the silicon industry is ending, and molecular biology technology is one of the most promising and growing field of engineering.

Such advances could one day lead to both biological super-AGI and immortality.

Ciro Santilli is especially excited about DNA-related technologies, because DNA is the centerpiece of biology, and it is programmable.

First, during the 2000's, the cost of DNA sequencing fell to about 1000 USD per genome in the end of the 2010's: Figure 2. "Cost per genome vs Moore's law from 2000 to 2019", largely due to "Illumina's" technology.

The medical consequences of this revolution are still trickling down towards medical applications of 2019, inevitably, but somewhat slowly due to tight privacy control of medical records.

Ciro Santilli predicts that when the 100 dollar mark is reached, every person of the First world will have their genome sequenced, and then medical applications will be closer at hand than ever.

But even 100 dollars is not enough. Sequencing power is like computing power: humankind can never have enough. Sequencing is not a one per person thing. For example, as of 2019 tumors are already being sequenced to help understand and treat them, and scientists/doctors will sequence as many tumor cells as budget allows.

Then, in the 2010's, CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing started opening up the way to actually modifying the genome that we could now see through sequencing.

What's next?

Ciro believes that the next step in the revolution could be could be: de novo DNA synthesis.

This technology could be the key to the one of the ultimate dream of biologists: cheap programmable biology with push-button organism bootstrap!

Just imagine this: at the comfort of your own garage, you take some model organism of interest, maybe start humble with Escherichia coli. Then you modify its DNA to your liking, and upload it to a 3D printer sized machine on your workbench, which automatically synthesizes the DNA, and injects into a bootstrapped cell.

You then make experiments to check if the modified cell achieves your desired new properties, e.g. production of some protein, and if not reiterate, just like a software engineer.

Of course, even if we were able to do the bootstrap, the debugging process then becomes key, as visibility is the key limitation of biology, maybe we need other cheap technologies to come in at that point.

This a place point we see the beauty of evolution the brightest: evolution does not require observability. But it also implies that if your changes to the organism make it less fit, then your mutation will also likely be lost. This has to be one of the considerations done when designing your organism.

Other cool topic include:

It's weird, cells feel a lot like embedded systems: small, complex, hard to observe, and profound.

Ciro is sad that by the time he dies, humanity won't have understood the human brain, maybe not even a measly Escherichia coli... Heck, even key molecular biology events are not yet fully understood, see e.g. transcription regulation.

One of the most exciting aspects of molecular biology technologies is their relatively low entry cost, compared for example to other areas such as fusion energy and quantum computing.

An X-ray machine is a medical imaging device that utilizes X-rays to create images of the inside of the body. X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation, similar to visible light but with much higher energy. The machine operates by directing X-ray beams towards the body, and as the rays pass through, they are absorbed in varying degrees by different tissues based on their density.

Ciro once told a friend that his ideal life would be to "just chill out and eat his bread in peace" (while also learning and teaching the sciences). Quote "Omar Khayyam's chill out quote" comes to mind. See also: Ciro Santilli's cheapness.

Treble voice typically refers to a high-pitched vocal range, often associated with children or female singers. In choral music, a treble voice is usually indicative of the higher parts sung by sopranos or treble singers, who generally sing notes above middle C on the piano (C4) and can extend up to E5 or higher.

A saddle point is a point on the surface of a graph where the slope (or derivative) is zero in multiple dimensions, but is not a local extremum (i.e., not a local maximum or minimum). It occurs in both single-variable and multivariable calculus, although the characteristics can differ slightly based on the context.

"Statistical Applications in Genetics and Molecular Biology" refers to the use of statistical methods and models to analyze data generated from genetic and molecular biology research. This field combines principles from statistics, genetics, and bioinformatics to address various research questions and challenges in understanding biological processes at the molecular level.

As of my last knowledge update in October 2021, there isn't a widely recognized scientist named Susan Lea in prominent scientific literature or discussions. However, it's possible that she could be a researcher in a specific field that hasn't gained widespread fame or visibility, or she may have gained prominence after my last update.

Technetium (99mTc) pintumomab is a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody used primarily in the field of nuclear medicine for imaging purposes. It is designed to target specific antigens in order to visualize certain types of tissues or tumors in the body, particularly in the context of cancer diagnostics. Here’s a breakdown of its components: 1. **Technetium (99mTc)**: This is a radioactive isotope of technetium that emits gamma rays.

A flick is a unit of time defined as \(10^{−15}\) seconds, or one femtosecond. It is part of a metric system often used in physics and engineering to measure extremely short durations, particularly in the context of phenomena occurring on a molecular or atomic scale.