The SM-65E Atlas was an early prototype of an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) developed by the United States in the late 1950s. It was part of a series of missiles under the Atlas program, which was the first operational ICBM in the U.S. arsenal. The "E" designation refers to a specific variant, which included improvements over earlier versions.
Vanguard was a series of satellites and launch vehicles developed by the United States during the late 1950s and early 1960s as part of the country's early space exploration efforts. The Vanguard program was primarily managed by the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) and later transitioned to the American National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).
A porous medium is a material that contains pores (voids or spaces) in its structure, allowing for the movement of fluids (liquids or gases) through it. The presence of these pores can significantly influence the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the medium. Porous media can be found in various natural and synthetic materials, including soil, rock, concrete, sponges, and certain types of filters.
Radiation health effects refer to the biological consequences that result from exposure to ionizing radiation. Ionizing radiation has enough energy to remove tightly bound electrons from atoms, which can lead to cellular damage, mutations, and, in severe cases, death. The effects of radiation exposure can vary based on factors such as the type and amount of radiation, duration of exposure, the route of exposure, and the individual's sensitivity.
Radiation pressure is the pressure exerted by electromagnetic radiation on a surface. It occurs because radiation carries momentum, and when it is absorbed, reflected, or transmitted by an object, it transfers some of this momentum to that object, resulting in a force.
Macalloy is a company that specializes in the design and manufacture of advanced tensioning and structural systems, primarily for construction and engineering applications. Founded in the UK, Macalloy is known for its innovative products, particularly in the field of pre-stressing and post-tensioning systems, which are used to enhance the strength and durability of concrete structures. Their product range includes tension rods, cables, and associated hardware that are utilized in various applications such as bridges, buildings, and other infrastructure projects.
Hidden Answers by Ciro Santilli 40 Updated 2025-07-16
www.reddit.com/r/onions/comments/sfquss/hidden_answers_is_back/ gives pbqttnffb5sh6ckgnz4f5by55w25gd6tuw5f5qcctmnyk62eyhgx6rad.onion which is Dead Janary 2024
MIDI by Ciro Santilli 40 Updated 2025-07-16
In simple terms, represents keystrokes of a piano, but it can likely also represent other effects (TODO confirm: bend, vibrato, slides, attack strength)
Can contain multiple parallel tracks as seen from the Wikipedia example: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MIDI_sample.mid
You can see what it contains well with GUI music editor.
MIDI is fun. It is a basic high level representation of most instrumental music, including beats.
To actually listen to MIDI, you need a software synthesizer, which knows what sound to make for each note. One way to specify such instruments is the SoundFont file format.
csvtool by Ciro Santilli 40 Updated 2025-07-16
A compiled executable under /usr/bin/csvtool, has an Ubuntu 23.04 package: manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/lunar/en/man1/csvtool.1.html
There seems to be no sane filtering mechanism however: stackoverflow.com/questions/46540752/using-csvtool-call-to-filter-csv-in-bash
AI People by Ciro Santilli 40 Updated 2025-07-16
Video 1.
AI Game - LLM-driven NPCs that can talk by Marek Rosa (2023)
. Source. Not the most amazing demo, but the idea is there. Seems to be a preview for AI People. The previous working title seems to have been AI Odyssey.
AGI-complete by Ciro Santilli 40 Updated 2025-07-16
Term invented by Ciro Santilli to refer to problems that can only be solved once we have AGI.
It is somewhat of a flawed analogy to NP-complete.
Scientism is the belief or viewpoint that scientific knowledge is the most authoritative and valid form of knowledge, and that it should be applied to all areas of inquiry, including those traditionally considered to be outside the realm of science, such as ethics, philosophy, and the arts. Proponents of scientism assert that empirical evidence obtained through the scientific method is the most reliable way to understand the world and to make decisions.
"Conquest of Abundance" is a term that has been used in various contexts, often referring to the pursuit of wealth, prosperity, or a plentiful lifestyle through various means. However, without specific context, it could pertain to different fields such as economics, literature, or even philosophy. In an economic or philosophical context, it might refer to the idea of harnessing resources to create abundance in society, focusing on sustainable practices, equitable distribution of resources, and the promotion of well-being.
Viktor Schauberger (1885–1958) was an Austrian visionary, inventor, and naturalist, known primarily for his unconventional ideas about water and nature. He had a deep understanding of natural systems and esoteric concepts, which led him to develop innovative theories and devices related to hydrodynamics and energy systems. Schauberger's work emphasized the importance of water's natural movement and its role in the ecosystem.
Engineering occupations encompass a wide range of professional careers that apply scientific and mathematical principles to solve problems and design systems, structures, and processes. Engineers work in various fields, including but not limited to: 1. **Civil Engineering**: Involves the design and construction of infrastructure projects such as buildings, bridges, roads, and water supply systems. 2. **Mechanical Engineering**: Focuses on the design, analysis, and manufacturing of mechanical systems.
Lists of unsolved problems typically refer to compilations of questions or challenges that remain unanswered in various fields of study. These problems can span a wide range of disciplines, including mathematics, physics, computer science, biology, and philosophy. Below are some notable contexts in which lists of unsolved problems are often found: ### Mathematics - **Hilbert's Problems**: In 1900, mathematician David Hilbert presented a list of 23 unsolved problems.

Pinned article: Introduction to the OurBigBook Project

Welcome to the OurBigBook Project! Our goal is to create the perfect publishing platform for STEM subjects, and get university-level students to write the best free STEM tutorials ever.
Everyone is welcome to create an account and play with the site: ourbigbook.com/go/register. We belive that students themselves can write amazing tutorials, but teachers are welcome too. You can write about anything you want, it doesn't have to be STEM or even educational. Silly test content is very welcome and you won't be penalized in any way. Just keep it legal!
We have two killer features:
  1. topics: topics group articles by different users with the same title, e.g. here is the topic for the "Fundamental Theorem of Calculus" ourbigbook.com/go/topic/fundamental-theorem-of-calculus
    Articles of different users are sorted by upvote within each article page. This feature is a bit like:
    • a Wikipedia where each user can have their own version of each article
    • a Q&A website like Stack Overflow, where multiple people can give their views on a given topic, and the best ones are sorted by upvote. Except you don't need to wait for someone to ask first, and any topic goes, no matter how narrow or broad
    This feature makes it possible for readers to find better explanations of any topic created by other writers. And it allows writers to create an explanation in a place that readers might actually find it.
    Figure 1.
    Screenshot of the "Derivative" topic page
    . View it live at: ourbigbook.com/go/topic/derivative
  2. local editing: you can store all your personal knowledge base content locally in a plaintext markup format that can be edited locally and published either:
    This way you can be sure that even if OurBigBook.com were to go down one day (which we have no plans to do as it is quite cheap to host!), your content will still be perfectly readable as a static site.
    Figure 2.
    You can publish local OurBigBook lightweight markup files to either https://OurBigBook.com or as a static website
    .
    Figure 3.
    Visual Studio Code extension installation
    .
    Figure 4.
    Visual Studio Code extension tree navigation
    .
    Figure 5.
    Web editor
    . You can also edit articles on the Web editor without installing anything locally.
    Video 3.
    Edit locally and publish demo
    . Source. This shows editing OurBigBook Markup and publishing it using the Visual Studio Code extension.
    Video 4.
    OurBigBook Visual Studio Code extension editing and navigation demo
    . Source.
  3. https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ourbigbook/ourbigbook-media/master/feature/x/hilbert-space-arrow.png
  4. Infinitely deep tables of contents:
    Figure 6.
    Dynamic article tree with infinitely deep table of contents
    .
    Descendant pages can also show up as toplevel e.g.: ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/chordate-subclade
All our software is open source and hosted at: github.com/ourbigbook/ourbigbook
Further documentation can be found at: docs.ourbigbook.com
Feel free to reach our to us for any help or suggestions: docs.ourbigbook.com/#contact