Wald's equation is a result in probability theory that deals with the expectation of the sum of a random number of random variables.

A Jansky (symbol: Jy) is a unit of measurement used in radio astronomy to express the flux density of electromagnetic radiation. It is named after the American engineer and radio astronomer Karl Jansky, who is often credited with the discovery of cosmic radio waves in the early 1930s. One Jansky is defined as \( 10^{-26} \) watts per square meter per hertz (W/m²/Hz).

A "beamline" refers to a specific path or channel in a particle accelerator or synchrotron, where beams of charged particles (such as electrons or protons) or photons (light particles) are directed toward experimental stations. Beamlines are integral components of facilities that produce intense beams of radiation for various scientific applications, including: 1. **X-ray diffraction and spectroscopy:** Used for studying the structure and properties of materials at the atomic or molecular level.

Edward Tryon is a theoretical physicist known for his work in the fields of cosmology and particle physics. He gained particular attention for proposing the idea of a "cosmological model" related to the existence of a "cosmological constant" and the implications of such theories for the structure of the universe. His work has contributed to discussions about the fundamental nature of the universe, particularly in relation to dark energy and the expansion of the cosmos.