This worked well on 3.2.2 Ubuntu 20.10. Recommended.
First import video with:They don't have an
aegisub-3.2 ourbigbook-parent.mkv
aegisub
executable without the version number. Amazing.If you already have a subtitle file that you want to edit, then just pass it on as well:
aegisub-3.2 ourbigbook-parent.mkv ourbigbook-parent.ass
Ctrl + P: play and pause video.
Ctrl + 3: set current substitle start time.
Ctrl + 4: set current substitle end time.
Enter: finish editing the current entry and start a new one.
The small one in comparison to the ribosome large subunit.
Space inside the outer mitochondrial membrane but outside the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Spontaneous emission defies causality by Ciro Santilli 34 Updated 2024-12-15 +Created 1970-01-01
TODO understand better, mentioned e.g. at Subtle is the Lord by Abraham Pais (1982) page 20, and is something that Einstein worked on.
Why is the spin of the electron half? by Ciro Santilli 34 Updated 2024-12-15 +Created 1970-01-01
More interestingly, how is that implied by the Stern-Gerlach experiment?
physics.stackexchange.com/questions/266359/when-we-say-electron-spin-is-1-2-what-exactly-does-it-mean-1-2-of-what/266371#266371 suggests that half could either mean:
- at limit of large
l
for the Schrödinger equation solution for the hydrogen atom the difference between each angular momentum is twice that of the eletron's spin. Not very satisfactory. - it comes directly out of the Dirac equation. This is satisfactory. :-)
Term symbols for carbon ground state by Ciro Santilli 34 Updated 2024-12-15 +Created 1970-01-01
This example covered for example at Video 1. "Term Symbols Example 1 by TMP Chem (2015)".
Carbon has electronic structure 1s2 2s2 2p2.
For term symbols we only care about unfilled layers, because in every filled layer the total z angular momentum is 0, as one electron necessarily cancels out each other:
- magnetic quantum number varies from -l to +l, each with z angular momentum to and so each cancels the other out
- spin quantum number is either + or minus half, and so each pair of electron cancels the other out
So in this case, we only care about the 2 electrons in 2p2. Let's list out all possible ways in which the 2p2 electrons can be.
There are 3 p orbitals, with three different magnetic quantum numbers, each representing a different possible z quantum angular momentum.
We are going to distribute 2 electrons with 2 different spins across them. All the possible distributions that don't violate the Pauli exclusion principle are:
m_l +1 0 -1 m_L m_S
u_ u_ __ 1 1
u_ __ u_ 0 1
__ u_ u_ -1 1
d_ d_ __ 1 -1
d_ __ d_ 0 -1
__ d_ d_ -1 -1
u_ d_ __ 1 0
d_ u_ __ 1 0
u_ __ d_ 0 0
d_ __ u_ 0 0
__ u_ d_ -1 0
__ d_ u_ -1 0
ud __ __ 2 0
__ ud __ 0 0
__ __ ud -2 0
where:
m_l
is , the magnetic quantum number of each electron. Remember that this gives a orbital (non-spin) quantum angular momentum of to each such electronm_L
with a capital L is the sum of the of each electronm_S
with a capital S is the sum of the spin angular momentum of each electron
For example, on the first line:we have:and so the sum of them has angular momentum . So the value of is 1, we just omit the .
m_l +1 0 -1 m_L m_S
u_ u_ __ 1 1
- one electron with , and so angular momentum
- one electron with , and so angular momentum 0
TODO now I don't understand the logic behind the next steps... I understand how to mechanically do them, but what do they mean? Can you determine the term symbol for individual microstates at all? Or do you have to group them to get the answer? Since there are multiple choices in some steps, it appears that you can't assign a specific term symbol to an individual microstate. And it has something to do with the Slater determinant. The previous lecture mentions it: www.youtube.com/watch?v=7_8n1TS-8Y0 more precisely youtu.be/7_8n1TS-8Y0?t=2268 about carbon.
youtu.be/DAgEmLWpYjs?t=2675 mentions that is not allowed because it would imply , which would be a state
uu __ __
which violates the Pauli exclusion principle, and so was not listed on our list of 15 states.He then goes for and mentions:and so that corresponds to states on our list:Note that for some we had a two choices, so we just pick any one of them and tick them off off from the table, which now looks like:
- S = 1 so can only be 0
- L = 2 (D) so ranges in -2, -1, 0, 1, 2
ud __ __ 2 0
u_ d_ __ 1 0
u_ __ d_ 0 0
__ u_ d_ -1 0
__ __ ud -2 0
+1 0 -1 m_L m_S
u_ u_ __ 1 1
u_ __ u_ 0 1
__ u_ u_ -1 1
d_ d_ __ 1 -1
d_ __ d_ 0 -1
__ d_ d_ -1 -1
d_ u_ __ 1 0
d_ __ u_ 0 0
__ d_ u_ -1 0
__ ud __ 0 0
Then for the choices are:so we have 9 possibilities for both together. We again verify that 9 such states are left matching those criteria, and tick them off, and so on.
- S = 2 so is either -1, 0 or 1
- L = 1 (P) so ranges in -1, 0, 1
For the , we have two electrons with spin up. The angular momentum of each electron is , and so given that we have two, the total is , so again we omit and is 1.
Ciro Santilli is against all affirmative action, except for one: giving amazing free eduction to the poor.
Notably, Ciro is against university entry quotas.
The basic experiment for a photonic quantum computer.
Can be achieved in two ways it seems:
- macroscopic beam splitter and optical table
- photolithography
Animation of Hong-Ou-Mandel Effect on a silicon like structure by Quantum Light University of Sheffield (2014): www.youtube.com/watch?v=ld2r2IMt4vg No maths, but gives the result clear: the photons are always on the same side.
Genes list: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MN908947.3
Some are named after the encoded protein. Others that are not as clean are just orfXXX for open reading frame XXX.
Basically a synonym for second quantization.
tx 243dea31863e94dc2f293489db02452e9bde279df1ab7feb6e456a4af672156a contains another upload script. The help reads:
Publish text in the blockchain, suitably padded for easy recovery with strings
Experimental setup to observe radiation pressure in the laboratory.
Noisy intermediate-scale quantum era by Ciro Santilli 34 Updated 2024-12-15 +Created 1970-01-01
Era of quantum computing before we reach physical errors small enough to do perfect quantum error correction as demonstrated by the quantum threshold theorem.
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