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The data link layer organizes communication over a link, typically using data-link frames and local checking or access rules.
The expected value of a latency random variable. If a cache hit takes total time , a cache miss takes total time , and the cache hit rate is , conditioning gives . An overhead already included in either total should not be charged again.
A vocal fold is a layered structure in the larynx whose position and mechanical properties contribute to vOICe production. Airflow can drive oscillation when the folds are appropriately approximated. Changes in tension, length and tissue state affect vibration; sound is not generated merely by holding the airway open.
Production of voiced sound waves through oscillation of the vocal folds, driven by air from the lungs. Resonances of the vocal tract then modify that source.[ref]
Cultivation of microorganisms from blood. Recovery can provide evidence of bloodstream infection, while organisms introduced during sampling can produce contamination; identifying growth and determining its clinical meaning are separate tasks.
Cultivation of microorganisms from urine. Growth can support investigation of urinary infection, but contamination, sampling method and clinical context affect interpretation of the organisms and quantities recovered.
A glomerulus is the capillary tuft within a renal corpuscle. Fluid crosses its specialized filtration interface into the surrounding capsular space. The arrangement filters water and small solutes while strongly restricting most cells and large proteins; it does not produce final urine without later tubular processing.
Pyelonephritis is inflammation, typically infection-related, involving the kidney and its collecting region. It is anatomically distinct from cystitis in the urinary bladder. Both can involve the urinary tract without having identical effects on the affected organ.
Increased loss of water in urine owing to poorly reabsorbed dissolved substances in the renal tubule, as in marked glycosuria.
Nephropathy broadly denotes kidney disease or damage. It does not specify one cause or one affected microscopic compartment. Describing glomerular, tubular, interstitial and vascular involvement gives more mechanistic information than the broad label alone.
Renal excretion is removal of a substance from the body through urine. For a substance handled by filtration, reabsorption and secretion, the excretion rate equals the filtered amount minus the reabsorbed amount plus the secreted amount. A filtered substance need not therefore be lost from the body.
The resultant contact force transmitted at an anatomical joint. A moment balance about a pivot can eliminate it from that equation without eliminating it from the separate net force balance.
Pinned article: Introduction to the OurBigBook Project
Welcome to the OurBigBook Project! Our goal is to create the perfect publishing platform for STEM subjects, and get university-level students to write the best free STEM tutorials ever.
Everyone is welcome to create an account and play with the site: ourbigbook.com/go/register. We belive that students themselves can write amazing tutorials, but teachers are welcome too. You can write about anything you want, it doesn't have to be STEM or even educational. Silly test content is very welcome and you won't be penalized in any way. Just keep it legal!
Intro to OurBigBook
. Source. We have two killer features:
- topics: topics group articles by different users with the same title, e.g. here is the topic for the "Fundamental Theorem of Calculus" ourbigbook.com/go/topic/fundamental-theorem-of-calculusArticles of different users are sorted by upvote within each article page. This feature is a bit like:
- a Wikipedia where each user can have their own version of each article
- a Q&A website like Stack Overflow, where multiple people can give their views on a given topic, and the best ones are sorted by upvote. Except you don't need to wait for someone to ask first, and any topic goes, no matter how narrow or broad
This feature makes it possible for readers to find better explanations of any topic created by other writers. And it allows writers to create an explanation in a place that readers might actually find it.
Figure 1. Screenshot of the "Derivative" topic page. View it live at: ourbigbook.com/go/topic/derivativeVideo 2. OurBigBook Web topics demo. Source. - local editing: you can store all your personal knowledge base content locally in a plaintext markup format that can be edited locally and published either:This way you can be sure that even if OurBigBook.com were to go down one day (which we have no plans to do as it is quite cheap to host!), your content will still be perfectly readable as a static site.
- to OurBigBook.com to get awesome multi-user features like topics and likes
- as HTML files to a static website, which you can host yourself for free on many external providers like GitHub Pages, and remain in full control
Figure 2. You can publish local OurBigBook lightweight markup files to either OurBigBook.com or as a static website.
Figure 3. Visual Studio Code extension installation.
Figure 5. . You can also edit articles on the Web editor without installing anything locally. Video 3. Edit locally and publish demo. Source. This shows editing OurBigBook Markup and publishing it using the Visual Studio Code extension. 
- Infinitely deep tables of contents:
All our software is open source and hosted at: github.com/ourbigbook/ourbigbook
Further documentation can be found at: docs.ourbigbook.com
Feel free to reach our to us for any help or suggestions: docs.ourbigbook.com/#contact