A fossil monotreme from the South American Paleocene, showing that the geographical history of monotremes extends beyond their living Australasian range. ^[ref]

A platypus is an aquatic-foraging, egg-laying mammal within Monotremata. Its broad bill, webbed feet and sensory specializations support feeding in water. Fossil relatives extend the lineage’s geographical history beyond the distribution of its living members.

The bird studied in experiments on flexible deceptive alarm mimicry.

The owl called Tyto alba in the cited sibling-negotiation experiments.

A radiation of Galápagos and nearby finches important in studies of ecological divergence, song and hybridization.

A corvid, including Corvus corax, used in studies of social information and caching.

A corvid used in studies of food caching and experience-dependent cache protection.

The great tit, Parus major, is a small perching bird widely studied in ecology and animal behaviour. Observations of breeding, foraging and survival can connect variation among individuals to their changing environment.

Used here for the crown group of birds: the last common ancestor of living palaeognaths and neognaths and all descendants. Broader historical definitions also occur and should be stated explicitly.

A Late Jurassic avian-lineage theropod dinosaur outside the living-bird crown group under standard relationships.

A toothed Late Cretaceous bird outside Aves in crown usage, important for comparisons of the avian skull.

A toothed latest Cretaceous bird outside the living-bird crown group. Its preserved pterygoid bone supplies evidence for a mobile palatal arrangement before the crown divergence.

A vampire bat is a blood-feeding bat. Obtaining a specialized liquid food creates physiological and social challenges, making these animals useful for studying animal behaviour, metabolism and food sharing.

A member of the avian lineage of theropod dinosaurs. The extent of the named group can differ between crown-based and broader fossil usages.

A nonavian tyrannosauroid dinosaur represented by skeletons with preserved filamentous feathers.

A name used for a more restricted avian-lineage clade than Panaves. Definitions have included a branch-based bird-versus-deinonychosaur rule and an apomorphy-based flight rule; the definition must be specified in comparative work.

A compressible quantum Hall edge strip is an edge region where a Landau level is partly occupied and nearby states permit the local electron density to adjust. This adjustment screens the confining field and tends to flatten the effective energy of that level near the chemical potential.

It contrasts with an incompressible quantum Hall edge strip, where a gap suppresses the corresponding density response. Their alternating arrangement is a self-consistent property of electrons and the confining electrostatics, rather than simply a drawing of unperturbed levels through a fixed potential. Finite temperature, disorder and interactions can modify the ideal strip structure.^[ref]

An incompressible quantum Hall edge strip is an edge region where the local chemical potential lies in a gap between available electron states. Small potential changes then alter the local electron density only weakly, so that region cannot screen an external field as effectively as a neighboring compressible quantum Hall edge strip.

In the self-consistent electrostatic picture, incompressible regions alternate with compressible ones as the confining potential varies toward an edge. Much of the potential change can occur across the incompressible regions. Their widths depend on the gap and density profile; a prescribed unscreened edge potential misses the redistribution that produces the strips.^[ref]

For an ensemble with static detunings $\delta +\eta$, ideal same-phase quarter-turn pulses give ${\overline{p}}_2(T)=[1+\mathrm{Re}(e^{i\delta T}\chi (T))]/2$. Here $\chi$ is the characteristic function of the offset distribution. A mean-zero Gaussian of RMS width $\sigma$ gives $\chi =e^{-{\sigma }^2{T}^2/2}$; a symmetric uniform interval gives a sinc function. A width alone does not uniquely specify the envelope.

For a fixed effective enclosed area $S$, changing the magnetic flux by $h/e$ changes the single-electron Aharonov-Bohm phase by $2\pi$. Gate-dependent orbit area, spin branches and charging can modify the observed conductance-resonance pattern; the lithographic depleted area need not equal the exact enclosed edge-orbit area.