FLOWERING LOCUS T encodes a flowering regulator in Arabidopsis thaliana. The FT protein can move between tissues and contributes to the long-distance connection between light-dependent regulation in leaves and reproductive development at the shoot.

Experiments combining tissue-specific expression and grafting supplied evidence for movement of FT protein, separating production of a signal from the site at which development changes. Its roles also extend beyond one flowering response: maternal temperature history in fruits can affect progeny dormancy through this regulatory system.^[ref][ref]

Coordinated variation in leaf construction, physiological rates and longevity, contrasting rapid returns with persistent, conservative tissues. Mass-based and area-based measurements differ.^[ref]

Leaf area per unit dry mass. It is the reciprocal of leaf mass per area when the same tissue and units are used.

Leaf dry mass divided by leaf area. Its construction-mass meaning must be kept distinct from whole-plant growth rate.

Mass of wood per specified reference volume, with measurement conventions stated. It can associate with mechanical investment, transport and demographic performance without uniquely determining any one mechanism.

A ratio expressing carbon gain or biomass production relative to water use, under a specified measurement convention. Higher leaf-level efficiency does not guarantee greater whole-ecosystem carbon storage.

A specialized plant organ hosting symbiotic nitrogen fixation in compatible associations. Nodule initiation, bacterial infection and effective nitrogen fixation are separable outcomes.

Deposition from a heated or electron-beam-evaporated source. High-vacuum transport is strongly directional and can give poor recessed-feature coverage.

Thickness deposited on a feature sidewall or bottom relative to a reference planar surface. Geometry, arrival directions, sticking and surface mobility all influence it.

A homogeneous spherical bob rigidly fixed to a massless support has centre-of-mass distance $L$ from its pivot and intrinsic moment of inertia $2M{a}^2/5$. The parallel axis theorem and linear gravitational restoring torque give the title period for small oscillations. Relative to a point mass at the same centre, the leading fractional period increase is $a^2/(5L^2)$. If $L$ is instead measured to the sphere's surface, the centre distance must first be changed to $L+a$.

A molecular clock relates accumulated nucleotide substitutions to elapsed evolutionary time through an assumed rate. Two lineages evolving at the same constant rate $r$ for time $T$ have total expected substitution count $2rT$ per site before accounting for repeated changes obscured in endpoint sequences. Rate variation among sites or branches requires a more general clock model.

Persistence of ancestral variation through successive lineage splits, allowing the ancestry of one genomic region to disagree with the population branching history. Such disagreement is not by itself evidence of introgression.

A probabilistic model of sequence changes along a phylogenetic tree. A continuous-time Markov chain rate matrix gives branch transition probabilities through a matrix exponential; assumptions about composition and rate variation affect inference.

A recursive calculation of the likelihood function on a phylogenetic tree, summing over unknown ancestral states while reusing partial calculations from descendant subtrees.^[ref]

Inference of a posterior distribution over phylogenetic trees and model parameters by combining a sequence likelihood function with a prior distribution. Integrating nuisance parameters is distinct from maximizing the likelihood.

Joint inference of evolutionary times, rates and related parameters using Bayesian inference. Sequence distances identify products of rates and durations; absolute ages require additional time information and assumptions.

Inference of characters at ancestral nodes from observed relatives and an evolutionary model. Historical hypotheses should carry uncertainty in trees, rates, character coding and root states into subsequent tests.

An inference criterion selecting histories or trees minimizing the stated cost of character changes. A minimum-change history is not automatically the most probable history under a stochastic evolutionary model.

The clade comprising the last common ancestor of a stated set of living lineages and all its descendants. An older fossil closely related to that group may instead belong to its stem group.

Extinct lineages more closely related to the specified crown group than to its living sister group, but outside that crown. Its membership depends on the crown and sister group specified.