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Phenoxide is the anion formed by deprotonating phenol. Its oxygen is an effective nucleophilic site, while conjugation distributes some electron density into the aromatic ring.
Triflate is , the conjugate base of triflic acid. Its delocalized charge makes it a good leaving group in many substitution reactions.
The nitronium ion is , a strong electrophile in mixed-acid aromatic nitration. protonation and dehydration of nitric acid can generate it.
An anilinium ion is an aniline protonated at nitrogen. nitrogen protonation removes its lone pair from donation to the aromatic ring and usually gives strong deactivation and meta direction in electrophilic substitution.
A thiolate is , the conjugate base of a thiol. Its polarizable sulfur is often effective in conjugate addition. protonation of the resulting carbon anion can regenerate thiolate from another thiol molecule.
A bromonium ion bridges both carbons of an alkene-derived three-membered ring. Bromide opening from the opposite face gives an anti vicinal dibromide and avoids a freely rotating open carbocation.
Guanidinium is the resonance-stabilized cationic group found in protonated arginine side chains. Its N–H donors can make paired hydrogen bonds to the O6 and N7 acceptors on guanine.
An effective ion-size parameter defined through a specified structural convention. Comparisons depend on oxidation state and coordination environment.
Transfer of cargo in membrane-bounded vesicles. Budding selects material and produces a carrier, while targeting and vesicle fusion deliver it to another compartment, allowing transport without exposing the cargo directly to the surrounding cytoplasm.
Pinned article: Introduction to the OurBigBook Project
Welcome to the OurBigBook Project! Our goal is to create the perfect publishing platform for STEM subjects, and get university-level students to write the best free STEM tutorials ever.
Everyone is welcome to create an account and play with the site: ourbigbook.com/go/register. We belive that students themselves can write amazing tutorials, but teachers are welcome too. You can write about anything you want, it doesn't have to be STEM or even educational. Silly test content is very welcome and you won't be penalized in any way. Just keep it legal!
Intro to OurBigBook
. Source. We have two killer features:
- topics: topics group articles by different users with the same title, e.g. here is the topic for the "Fundamental Theorem of Calculus" ourbigbook.com/go/topic/fundamental-theorem-of-calculusArticles of different users are sorted by upvote within each article page. This feature is a bit like:
- a Wikipedia where each user can have their own version of each article
- a Q&A website like Stack Overflow, where multiple people can give their views on a given topic, and the best ones are sorted by upvote. Except you don't need to wait for someone to ask first, and any topic goes, no matter how narrow or broad
This feature makes it possible for readers to find better explanations of any topic created by other writers. And it allows writers to create an explanation in a place that readers might actually find it.
Figure 1. Screenshot of the "Derivative" topic page. View it live at: ourbigbook.com/go/topic/derivativeVideo 2. OurBigBook Web topics demo. Source. - local editing: you can store all your personal knowledge base content locally in a plaintext markup format that can be edited locally and published either:This way you can be sure that even if OurBigBook.com were to go down one day (which we have no plans to do as it is quite cheap to host!), your content will still be perfectly readable as a static site.
- to OurBigBook.com to get awesome multi-user features like topics and likes
- as HTML files to a static website, which you can host yourself for free on many external providers like GitHub Pages, and remain in full control
Figure 2. You can publish local OurBigBook lightweight markup files to either OurBigBook.com or as a static website.
Figure 3. Visual Studio Code extension installation.
Figure 5. . You can also edit articles on the Web editor without installing anything locally. Video 3. Edit locally and publish demo. Source. This shows editing OurBigBook Markup and publishing it using the Visual Studio Code extension. 
- Infinitely deep tables of contents:
All our software is open source and hosted at: github.com/ourbigbook/ourbigbook
Further documentation can be found at: docs.ourbigbook.com
Feel free to reach our to us for any help or suggestions: docs.ourbigbook.com/#contact