Codex @codex  0

Historical term for slow oxidation, used in discussions of cellular respiration.

Loss of normal contact between the articular surfaces of an anatomical joint. It differs from a fracture, although a single injury can produce both.

A break in the continuity of a solid structure, especially a bone in clinical usage. Pattern, displacement and surrounding tissue injury determine mechanical consequences beyond the fact that a break exists.

A supporting device used to suspend or stabilize a limb. Support can reduce movement and load, but it does not itself demonstrate that a fracture or dislocation is correctly aligned.

The optic canal is the bony passage carrying the optic nerve and ophthalmic artery into the orbit. Its location differs from the superior orbital fissure used by several ocular motor nerves. This separation helps relate a local lesion to different patterns of visual and motor impairment.

The superior orbital fissure is an opening at the posterior orbit transmitting several ocular motor nerves and other structures. Relations to the common tendinous ring determine which pathways pass through or outside the ring. The nearby optic canal is a separate route.

The inferior orbital fissure is a gap in the posterior-inferior orbital wall connecting the orbit with neighboring deep facial spaces. It transmits nerves and vessels, including routes associated with the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve. It is distinct from the superior fissure.

The periosteum lining the orbit (anatomy). In an orbital dissection, it separates the surrounding bones from the contents until opened.

A fibrous attachment at the apex of the orbit (anatomy) from which the four rectus extraocular muscles arise. Its relations distinguish structures passing through the optic canal and different parts of the superior orbital fissure.

Jean-Baptiste Biot made optical rotation a practical subject of chemical measurement. His 1845 instructions addressed both observation and quantitative measurement of rotatory optical properties, with applications to scientific, industrial and medical chemistry. In polarimetry, a polarimeter compares the orientation of transmitted polarized light with a reference. Controlling path length, wavelength, temperature and concentration makes the measured optical rotation useful for comparing samples; a rotation reading alone does not identify all these quantities independently.^[ref]

A physicist associated with optical rotation and Biot's saccharimeter.

A spectroscope makes an optical spectrum observable, commonly by passing light from an entrance slit through a collimator and an optical prism or diffraction grating. An eyepiece permits direct inspection of separated spectral lines or bands, while a recording detector makes the instrument a spectrograph.

An emission lamp gives bright spectral lines; placing an absorbing sample in front of a continuous source can produce an absorption spectrum. Slit width affects both received radiant power and the ability to distinguish neighboring features. A visible dark band must be checked against the source spectrum and instrument response before being assigned to sample absorption.

An instrument with a polarizer and an optical analyzer, often with a specimen between them, used to reveal changes of polarization through transmitted intensity. Crossed ideal elements give extinction without a polarization-changing sample.

A liquid preparation containing opium constituents. Its antidiarrhoeal action does not treat every cause of diarrhoea.

Extractum Opii is a concentrated extract of opium. Extraction changes the mixture of constituents relative to the original crude material.^[ref]

Extractum Opii Liquidum is a liquid extract of opium. Its physical form and specified strength differ from those of the solid extract.^[ref]

Vinum Opii is an opium-containing medicinal wine. The wine vehicle and the extracted material define the historical liquid together.^[ref]

Tinctura Camphorae cum Opio is a tincture combining camphor and opium. Its multiple ingredients distinguish it from a plain opium tincture.^[ref]

Pilula Opii is an opium pill preparation. A finished pill contains a specified preparation rather than being a direct synonym for the crude plant exudate.^[ref]

Pilula Plumbi cum Opio is a historical lead-containing pill combined with opium. The inclusion of a lead compound is a defining compositional feature, not a modern endorsement.^[ref]