DNA repair addresses damage to DNA. Incorporation of a labeled precursor during DNA repair need not indicate duplication of the whole genome in S phase.
Excision of an oligonucleotide around a lesion followed by replacement and sealing, important for many bulky helix-distorting lesions.
Removal of a damaged base followed by processing, replacement synthesis and sealing. It repairs chemical base damage rather than every replication mismatch.
An enzyme acting on appropriate RNA–DNA hybrid substrates. Its substrate requirements differ from removal of a single isolated ribonucleotide by RNase H2.
Repair of ribonucleotides embedded in DNA, including molecules with correct base pairing. RNase H2 can initiate an incision followed by replacement synthesis and ligation.[ref]
RNase H2-initiated ribonucleotide excision repair by Justin L. Sparks and others. Biochemical pathway reconstitution
A ribonuclease H system capable of recognizing a single ribonucleotide embedded in DNA and initiating its removal. This substrate is distinct from a longer RNA–DNA hybrid.
A protein supporting homologous-recombination repair, including control of RAD51-mediated processes. Inherited pathogenic variants can predispose to cancer.
A protein involved in DNA-damage responses and homologous-recombination-related repair. Inherited pathogenic variants can predispose to cancer.
Repair using a homologous sequence as a template. An experimentally supplied donor can introduce a defined sequence, although repair-pathway competition and cell state constrain efficiency.
Repair joining broken DNA ends without an extended homologous donor. End processing can create insertions or deletions; repair need not disrupt the reading frame.
A bacterial DNA-damage response regulating repair and damage-tolerance functions; its details differ among bacterial lineages.
A D-loop is a local strand-invasion structure in which an incoming strand pairs with one strand of a duplex and displaces the other. It is a useful intermediate and assay product in homologous recombination.
DNA strand exchange replaces a strand's original pairing partner with another complementary strand. RecA and RAD51 organize the substrates and promote local donor opening; new pairing produces heteroduplex DNA.
A presynaptic filament in homologous recombination is the recombinase–single-stranded DNA assembly formed before productive donor pairing. Distinguish its formation from later donor capture and DNA strand exchange.
Repair that recognizes and corrects mismatched sequence after copying or strand exchange. It can also inhibit homologous recombination between sufficiently divergent sequences.[ref]
Identification of the newly synthesized strand as the strand to replace during correction. Detecting a mismatch without an appropriate strand signal does not specify which base should be retained.
An enzyme involved in methyl-directed DNA mismatch repair in E. coli. This mechanism should not be generalized to eukaryotic daughter-strand discrimination.
A mismatch-repair protein complex that connects recognition with downstream processing. Complex composition and strand-incision mechanisms differ between organisms.
The eukaryotic MSH2–MSH3 complex, with an important role in recognition of larger insertion–deletion loops.
The eukaryotic MSH2–MSH6 mismatch-recognition complex, acting on base mismatches and many small insertion–deletion loops.
A break involving both strands of a DNA molecule. Unrepaired breaks can prevent reliable transmission; controlled breaks also initiate meiotic homologous recombination.
