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The pseudoscalar octet of flavor symmetry contains three pions, four kaons and the Eta octet state. In its weight diagram, the neutral pion and ${\eta }_8$ are separate states at the origin.

Use flavor hypercharge $Y=B+S$, where $B$ is baryon number and $S$ is strangeness. The isospin coordinate is $I_3$. The baryon octet has coordinatesHere the nucleons have $S=0$, the Sigma baryons and Lambda baryon have $S=-1$, and the Xi baryons have $S=-2$. The central Sigma baryon belongs to an isospin triplet while the central Lambda baryon is an isospin singlet; equal coordinates do not identify the states.

The pseudoscalar meson octet isThe pions have $S=0$, the upper kaons have $S=+1$, and their lower antiparticles have $S=-1$. The two central states are the neutral pion and the Eta octet state. This is the octet basis of flavor symmetry; the physical eta can also mix with the flavor-singlet state.

For the flavor SU(3) Cartan generators, choose the Hermitian physics convention and the inner product $⟨A,B⟩=\mathrm{tr}(AB)$. Then an orthonormal diagonal basis isStrictly, $i{h}_1,i{h}_2$ are elements of the anti-Hermitian SU(3) Lie algebra; $h_1,h_2$ are the corresponding Hermitian observables. In the quark basis $(u,d,s)$, the up and down quarks form an isospin doublet and the strange quark is a singlet. Their $I_3$ values are $(1/2,-1/2,0)$. Each quark has baryon number $1/3$, and their strangeness values are $(0,0,-1)$. It follows thatThese flavor hypercharge conventions differ from the electroweak hypercharge convention. If instead the inner product is $2\mathrm{tr}(AB)$, the orthonormal basis is $t_3=h_1/\sqrt{2}$, $t_8=h_2/\sqrt{2}$, and the same operators are $I_3=t_3$, $Y=2t_8/\sqrt{3}$.

In the ordinary quark model, the proton has valence content $uud$ and charge $+1$, while the neutron has content $udd$ and charge zero. Additivity of electric charge gives $2q_u+q_d=1$ and $q_u+2q_d=0$, hence $q_u=2/3$, $q_d=-1/3$. The Sigma baryon ${\Sigma }^{-}$ has content $dds$ and charge $-1$, giving $2q_d+q_s=-1$. Thus the quark triplet's electric charges, in units of the positive elementary charge, areThe Gell-Mann--Nishijima formula is consequentlyIt also reproduces every baryon octet charge from the first diagram. On antiquarks the additive quantum numbers reverse sign, and combining a quark with an antiquark reproduces the meson octet charges.

Because the down and strange quarks have identical electric charge, $Q$ commutes with the U-spin generatorsThey satisfy $[U_a,U_b]=i{ϵ}_{abc}{U}_c$; equivalently the anti-Hermitian matrices $i{U}_a$ span an $\mathfrak{su}(2)$ subalgebra. The entries on the $d,s$ block of $Q$ are equal, so $[Q,U_a]=0$ for all three U-spin generators. The electric charge is therefore constant within each irreducible U-spin multiplet. For example, U-spin relates ${\pi }^{+}$ and $K^{+}$, and relates $p$ and ${\Sigma }^{+}$, without changing their charge. It does not imply exact mass degeneracy: unequal down- and strange-quark masses break U-spin.

For pion-nucleon octet channels, assume the collision is governed by the strong interaction. The initial baryon number is one and strangeness is zero, so an outgoing meson-baryon pair must preserve $B=1$, $S=0$, and electric charge. Thus its total flavor hypercharge is $Y=1$. The allowed types areA kaon of $S=+1$ can accompany a Lambda baryon or Sigma baryon of $S=-1$. An antikaon cannot balance the nonpositive strangeness of an octet baryon. A Xi baryon would require a meson of $S=+2$, which the meson octet does not contain.

Resolving these types by electric charge gives all possible pairs:In the isospin-symmetric approximation, total isospin is conserved as well: the incoming $1\otimes \frac{1}{2}$ contains $I=\frac{1}{2},\frac{3}{2}$. The $\pi N$ and $K\Sigma$ channels contain both values, while ${\eta }_{8}N$ and $K\Lambda$ contain only $I=\frac{1}{2}$. The extreme-charge initial states are pure $I=\frac{3}{2}$, consistently excluding ${\eta }_{8}N$ and $K\Lambda$. Clebsch-Gordan coefficients relate amplitudes in different charge channels; the table establishes permission, not equal probabilities. Electromagnetism and unequal up- and down-quark masses introduce small violations of isospin symmetry.

Finally, energy and momentum conservation require $\sqrt{s}\ge m_M+m_B$ for a particular pair, where $s$ is the squared total four-momentum. Only channels above their own threshold can occur. Total angular momentum and parity symmetry in quantum field theory constrain the partial waves of the meson-baryon scattering: a pseudoscalar meson and a positive-parity spin-one-half baryon have pair parity $-(-1{)}^L$ and total angular momentum $J=L\pm \frac{1}{2}$ (only $J=\frac{1}{2}$ for $L=0$). Initial and final partial waves must have matching $J$ and parity. Sufficient energy can open a channel, but cannot remove the electric charge conservation, baryon number, or strangeness constraints.