The momentum integral is replaced by the sum over <momentum and winding modes>. Combining the zero modes with the oscillator trace gives
$$
\boxed{
Z_R(\tau,\bar\tau)=\frac1{|\eta(\tau)|^2}
\sum_{n,w\in\mathbb Z}
\exp\!\left[-\pi\tau_2\left(\frac{n^2}{R^2}+w^2R^2\right)
+2\pi i\tau_1nw\right]}.
$$
Equivalently,
$$
Z_R=\frac1{|\eta|^2}\sum_{n,w}
q^{p_L^2/4}\bar q^{p_R^2/4}
$$
with the left/right convention of part (iv). The answer is invariant under the <T-duality> $R\leftrightarrow1/R$ accompanied by $n\leftrightarrow w$ in these units.

Solution

Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge / 2024 / iii / Paper 306 / 2 / v / Solution

{title2=$(n,w)$}

For a compact boson of radius $R$, momentum number $n$ and winding number $w$ combine into left- and right-moving zero-mode momenta $p_L=n/R+wR$ and $p_R=n/R-wR$ in a common normalization.


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 Incoming links: Momentum and winding modes