Entitlement in the context of fair division refers to the concept of determining each participant's fair share or rightful claim to a resource or asset that is to be divided among multiple parties. The goal is to ensure that each party receives their fair portion based on predefined criteria, principles, or contributions.

In cooperative game theory, the nucleolus is a solution concept that aims to find a fair distribution of resources among players in a cooperative game. Specifically, it provides a way to allocate a total payoff to players such that the allocation minimizes the maximum dissatisfaction (or excess) of coalitions of players. ### Key Concepts: 1. **Cooperative Game**: In a cooperative game, players can form coalitions and make binding agreements to distribute payoffs among themselves.

The Centauro event is a notable incident in the field of astronomy and astrophysics, particularly involving the Centaur class of celestial objects. Centaurs are icy bodies that orbit between the outer planets, generally characterized by unstable orbits that can be affected by the gravity of nearby planets. However, there may be specific events or discoveries associated with Centaur objects that have been labeled as "Centauro events.

The Compton-Getting effect is a phenomenon in astrophysics and cosmic ray physics related to the movement of cosmic rays and their interaction with the Earth's atmosphere or a moving observer. Named after the physicist Arthur Holly Compton, this effect describes how the observed intensity and energy distribution of cosmic rays change due to the motion of the observer relative to the incoming cosmic rays. When an observer (such as Earth) moves through space, it can encounter cosmic rays that have a specific energy spectrum.

OREOcube is a concept or product developed by Nabisco, which is a brand of Mondelēz International, known for producing Oreo cookies. The OREOcube is essentially a three-dimensional cube made up of Oreo cookie elements that can be manipulated and assembled in various ways, often focusing on creativity, construction, and play. While the specifics may vary, the OREOcube is typically aimed at both adults and children, combining the familiar enjoyment of Oreos with an interactive experience.

The Book of Giants is an ancient Jewish apocryphal text that is part of the Enochic literature, traditionally associated with the Book of Enoch. Although it is not included in the canonical Bible, it provides insight into Jewish apocalyptic thought and mythology.

Matías Zaldarriaga is a physicist known for his work in cosmology, especially in the fields related to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) and large-scale structure in the universe. He has contributed to understanding the early universe, inflationary models, and the formation of large-scale structures.

Cryptographers are individuals who specialize in the study and practice of cryptography, which is the science of securing communication and information by transforming it into a format that cannot be easily understood by unauthorized individuals. Cryptography involves various techniques, including algorithms, protocols, and encryption methods, to ensure data confidentiality, integrity, authentication, and non-repudiation. Cryptographers work on designing and analyzing these algorithms and protocols to ensure they are robust against attacks.

The timeline of electrical and electronic engineering encompasses numerous advancements and milestones that have contributed to the field as we know it today. Here’s a brief overview of key events and developments: ### 19th Century - **1800**: Italian scientist Alessandro Volta invented the voltaic pile, the first chemical battery that could provide a steady source of electricity. - **1820**: Hans Christian Ørsted discovered that electric currents create magnetic fields, forming the basis of electromagnetism.

Disk encryption is a security process that involves encoding the data on a storage device, such as a hard drive, solid-state drive, or removable media, to protect it from unauthorized access. When a disk is encrypted, the data stored on it is transformed into a format that is unreadable without the appropriate decryption key or password.

Security engineering is a field of engineering that focuses on ensuring the security of systems, networks, and data. It encompasses a broad range of practices, processes, and technologies designed to protect assets from threats, vulnerabilities, and attacks. The goal of security engineering is to design and build systems that are resilient to tampering, intrusion, and other security threats. Key aspects of security engineering include: 1. **Risk Assessment:** Identifying potential threats and vulnerabilities in a system and evaluating the risks associated with them.

An AF-heap, or "Amortized Fibonacci heap," is a data structure that is an enhancement and a variant of the Fibonacci heap. The AF-heap supports priority queue operations with better amortized time complexity for specific operations. It is particularly useful in applications such as graph algorithms, where efficient priority queue operations are crucial.

A Critical Security Parameter (CSP) is a term used in the field of cryptography and information security to refer to a sensitive piece of information that must be kept secret to maintain the security of a cryptographic system. CSPs are vital for ensuring the integrity, confidentiality, and authenticity of data and communication within various security protocols. CSPs can include: 1. **Cryptographic Keys:** This is perhaps the most common type of CSP.

The term "founders of statistics" typically refers to key figures who made significant contributions to the development of the field of statistics. Here are a few of the most notable individuals often recognized as foundational figures in statistics: 1. **John Graunt (1620–1674)**: Often considered one of the first statisticians, Graunt is known for his work on vital statistics and the analysis of mortality records, which laid the groundwork for demographic statistics.

HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS) is a web security policy mechanism that helps protect websites against man-in-the-middle attacks such as protocol downgrade attacks and cookie hijacking. HSTS enables a web server to declare that web browsers should only interact with it using secure HTTPS connections, rather than using unencrypted HTTP. Here's how HSTS works and its key features: 1. **Enforcement of HTTPS**: When a site implements HSTS, it informs browsers to enforce secure connections via HTTPS.