The Fermat primality test is a probabilistic method used to determine whether a number is prime.

Jules Hoüel (1823–1901) was a French chemist and a prominent figure in the study of organic chemistry. He is best known for his work on the chemistry of alkaloids and for his contributions to understanding the structure and properties of various organic compounds. His research helped lay the groundwork for later advancements in the field, particularly in the areas of natural products and synthetic organic chemistry.

Karl Wilhelm Feuerbach, often simply referred to as Ludwig Feuerbach, was a German philosopher and anthropologist, best known for his critiques of religion and his influence on later philosophical thought, particularly materialism and existentialism. Born on July 28, 1804, and passing away on September 13, 1872, Feuerbach was a prominent figure in the Young Hegelians movement, which sought to revise and critique the ideas of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel.

Leo Zippin is not widely recognized in general knowledge or popular culture. If you're inquiring about a specific person, character, or concept named Leo Zippin, there doesn't appear to be significant information or notable references associated with that name in common public or historical records.

Mario Pieri is a significant figure in the field of mathematics, particularly known for his contributions to the area of geometry and topology. His work includes the study of algebraic curves, surfaces, and other geometric entities. Pieri's contributions are notable in the context of Italian mathematics in the early 20th century, and he is perhaps most famous for Pieri's theorem, which relates to the intersection of algebraic surfaces.

Victor Schlegel is likely a reference to a specific method or type of language analysis in the context of linguistics and phonetics, but there is no widely recognized or prominent figure named Victor Schlegel.

Circumference is the distance around the edge of a circle. It is a measure of the perimeter of a circular shape.

Indifference price refers to the price at which an individual or an entity is indifferent between holding an asset and not holding it, meaning that the individual derives the same level of utility or satisfaction from both options. In a financial context, this concept is often applied to situations involving risky assets. For example, an investor might determine an indifference price for a stock based on their risk preferences, expected returns, and overall portfolio construction.

A Tetromino is a geometric shape composed of four squares connected edge to edge. It is commonly associated with the classic video game Tetris, where players rotate and position these shapes to complete horizontal lines, which then disappear and earn points.

Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica (CWI) is a research institute located in the Netherlands that specializes in mathematics and computer science. Founded in 1946, CWI conducts high-level scientific research in various fields, including algorithms, computational science, data science, networked systems, and more. The institute is known for its contributions to both theoretical and applied aspects of these fields and plays a key role in fostering innovation and collaboration between academia and industry.

The Simons Center for Geometry and Physics (SCGP) is a research institution located at Stony Brook University in New York. Established in 2007 through a grant from the Simons Foundation, the center aims to promote interdisciplinary research and collaboration at the intersection of mathematics, physics, and related fields.

The Milner–Rado paradox is a result in set theory and mathematical logic that deals with infinite sets and the concept of definable sets. It is primarily concerned with the properties of certain large cardinals and the conditions under which specific types of infinite sets can be constructed.

Christine Paulin-Mohring is a notable French mathematician, recognized for her contributions in the field of algebra, particularly in the areas of category theory and type theory. She has been involved in various educational and research initiatives, often focusing on the interplay between mathematics and computer science. Additionally, she is known for her efforts in promoting mathematics education and outreach.

Mary Tiles is not a widely recognized term or concept, and there might be various contexts in which it could be used. If you are referring to a brand, company, or specific product related to tiles, it might be a local or niche business. Alternatively, if "Mary Tiles" refers to something else—like a person, a book, or an art piece—providing more context would help clarify your question.

Paul Benacerraf is a prominent American philosopher, primarily known for his work in the philosophy of mathematics and the philosophy of science. Born on August 18, 1931, his contributions have significantly influenced discussions surrounding the foundations of mathematics, particularly issues related to the nature of mathematical objects and the epistemological questions surrounding them. One of his best-known contributions is the exploration of the "adequacy" of mathematical theories and the challenges posed by the existence of abstract mathematical entities.

Phase-field models are mathematical frameworks used to describe and simulate complex phase transitions and interfaces in various physical systems, such as materials science, fluid dynamics, and biophysics. Traditionally, these models involve a continuous space where the interfaces between different phases are represented by smooth transitions characterized by an order parameter, often a scalar field that varies continuously. When phase-field models are adapted to graphs, the framework changes significantly.

Exceptional isomorphism is a concept that appears in the context of mathematics, particularly in category theory and sometimes in algebraic topology. However, the term itself is not a standard one and might not be universally recognized in all mathematical disciplines. In some contexts, "exceptional isomorphisms" can refer to specific types of isomorphisms or mappings that have unique properties or fulfill certain criteria that set them apart from more general isomorphisms.

The Lorentz transformation is a set of equations in the theory of special relativity that relate the space and time coordinates of two observers moving at constant velocity relative to each other. Named after the Dutch physicist Hendrik Lorentz, these transformations are essential for understanding how measurements of time and space change for observers in different inertial frames of reference, particularly when approaching the speed of light.

Ning Xiang is a type of Chinese tea cultivar, specifically known for its high-quality aroma and flavor. It is primarily associated with the production of oolong tea in the Wuyi Mountains region of Fujian Province, China. The tea produced from Ning Xiang typically has a distinctive floral and fruity fragrance, along with a smooth, rich taste.