The Institute of Industrial and Systems Engineers (IISE) is a professional association dedicated to supporting individuals and organizations in the fields of industrial engineering and systems engineering. Founded in 1948, IISE aims to promote the development and dissemination of knowledge in these fields, provide professional development opportunities for its members, and advocate for the interests of industrial engineers.

The Institute of Mathematical Sciences (IMSc) in Chennai, India, is a premier research institution dedicated to the study of mathematical sciences, which includes areas such as mathematics, theoretical computer science, and physics. Established in 1962, IMSc aims to foster research and education in these fields, promoting interdisciplinary collaboration. The institute conducts advanced and high-level research, offers graduate and doctoral programs, and hosts various seminars, workshops, and conferences, attracting scholars from around the world.

The Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Allied Sciences (INMAS) is a research and educational institution in India that focuses on the field of nuclear medicine and its applications in healthcare, particularly in diagnosis and therapy. It is associated with the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and is often involved in research related to the use of nuclear techniques in medical imaging, radiation therapy, and other health-related applications.

The Institut National de la Statistique du Niger (INS) is the national statistics office of Niger. Its primary responsibility is to collect, analyze, and disseminate statistical information related to various aspects of the country's socioeconomic conditions. This includes data on demographics, economic activities, health, education, and agriculture, among other sectors. INS plays a crucial role in providing accurate and reliable data that can be used by the government, policymakers, researchers, and the public for informed decision-making and planning.

An integral linear operator is a type of operator that maps functions to functions through integration.

The Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) was a large, international scientific program dedicated to exploring and understanding Earth’s processes through the study of the ocean floor. Initiated in 2003 and running until 2013, IODP built upon the research achieved in previous ocean drilling programs, including the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) and the Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP).

An Intelligent Decision System (IDS) refers to a computational framework or technology that assists in decision-making processes using various forms of artificial intelligence (AI) and data analysis techniques. These systems harness data, algorithms, and models to automate or support decisions across various domains, such as business, healthcare, finance, transportation, and more.

Intergalactic travel refers to the concept of traveling between galaxies, which are vast systems of stars, planets, gas, dust, and dark matter held together by gravity. This idea goes beyond interstellar travel, which is confined to travel within a single galaxy, such as our own Milky Way. Since the distances between galaxies are enormous—millions of light-years apart—intergalactic travel poses immense scientific and technological challenges.

Target-site overlap refers to a phenomenon in genetics and molecular biology, particularly in the context of transposable elements (or "transposons") and gene insertion events. It occurs when a transposable element inserts itself into a genomic region that either overlaps with or is in close proximity to existing genes or gene regulatory sequences.

The International Max Planck Research School for Molecular and Cellular Biology (IMPRS-MCB) is a prestigious graduate program that is part of the Max Planck Society, a renowned institution in Germany known for its cutting-edge research in various fields of science. The IMPRS-MCB is designed to provide advanced education and training for students pursuing a PhD in the areas of molecular and cellular biology.

Internet activism, often referred to as "digital activism" or "online activism," is the use of the internet and digital technologies to promote, influence, or bring about social or political change. This form of activism leverages online platforms, social media, websites, and other digital tools to mobilize support, raise awareness, and organize campaigns on various issues such as human rights, environmental causes, political reform, and more.

An internet challenge is a type of trend or activity that is widely shared and participated in online, often through social media platforms. These challenges can involve various activities, ranging from harmless and fun tasks to more risky or harmful behaviors. **Common Types of Internet Challenges:** 1. **Viral Challenges**: These are challenges that gain popularity quickly and are often spread through videos or posts, like the "Ice Bucket Challenge" which raised awareness for ALS.

Internet Explorer shells refer to modified or customized versions of the Internet Explorer web browser, which are typically designed to enhance or change the user interface or functionality. These "shell" versions may incorporate additional features, toolbar elements, or specific themes that are not available in the standard version of Internet Explorer. Historically, "shell" in computing often refers to a user interface or environment that provides a way for users to interact with the underlying system.

In 1992, the Internet was still in its early stages of development and public use. Here are some key characteristics and milestones of the Internet during that time: 1. **Infrastructure**: The Internet was primarily composed of a network of interconnected networks, using protocols such as TCP/IP. The backbone was established, primarily supported by government and educational institutions. The National Science Foundation Network (NSFNET) was a major backbone for research and academia.

Internet self-classification codes generally refer to a system where content providers, websites, or online services classify their offerings or materials in a way that informs users about the type of content they contain. These codes can provide guidance regarding the appropriateness for different audiences, similar to movie rating systems or video game ratings.

Intuitionistic Type Theory (ITT) is a branch of mathematical logic and a formal system that combines elements of type theory with intuitionistic logic. It was developed in the late 20th century, particularly through the work of mathematicians and computer scientists like Per Martin-Löf. ITT is significant in both the foundations of mathematics and in the study of programming languages and proof assistants.

The Investigation Committee on the Accident at the Fukushima Nuclear Power Stations of Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) was established in the aftermath of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, which occurred in March 2011 following a massive earthquake and tsunami. The committee was tasked with investigating the causes of the accident, assessing the response by TEPCO and the government, and evaluating the safety protocols and regulations in place at the time.

Investment protection refers to a set of legal and regulatory measures designed to safeguard investors' rights and assets in a country or jurisdiction. It aims to provide reassurance to investors that their investments will be secure from unfair treatment, expropriation, or other forms of interference by governments or private entities. Here are some key aspects of investment protection: 1. **Legal Framework**: Investment protection often involves the establishment of laws and treaties that govern how foreign and domestic investors are treated.

Iosif Shklovsky (also spelled Joseph Shklovsky) was a prominent Soviet astrophysicist and a key figure in the field of astrophysics, particularly known for his work in the study of pulsars and the interstellar medium. He was born on July 6, 1916, and passed away on December 3, 1985.

The Iranian Government's "Reciprocal and Proportional Action in Implementing the JCPOA Act" refers to legislation passed by the Iranian Parliament (Majles) in December 2020, which aimed to respond to the challenges posed by the U.S. withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) in 2018 and the subsequent re-imposition of sanctions on Iran.