The history of computer networks is a fascinating evolution that reflects the advancements in technology, communication theories, and computing power. Here's an overview of the significant milestones in the development of computer networks: ### 1960s: The Beginning - **Early Concepts**: The idea of networking devices for communication emerged alongside the development of computers. Theories about packet switching were proposed by researchers like Paul Baran and Donald Davies.

"Computing by year" typically refers to a historical overview or timeline of significant events, developments, and milestones in the field of computing and technology throughout the years. This can include the invention of key technologies, the creation of programming languages, advancements in hardware and software, and the rise of the internet, among other important developments.

A **powerful \( p \)-group** is a special type of \( p \)-group (a group where the order of every element is a power of a prime \( p \)) that satisfies certain conditions regarding its commutator structure.

The history of computer companies is a fascinating journey through technological innovation, commercialization, and the evolution of the computer industry over decades. Below is a brief overview highlighting key milestones and notable companies: ### 1940s - 1950s: The Birth of Computing - **ENIAC (1945)**: Often considered the first general-purpose electronic digital computer, designed by John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert.

CP/M, which stands for Control Program for Microcomputers, is an early operating system designed for microcomputers. It was developed in the mid-1970s by Gary Kildall of Digital Research, Inc. CP/M became one of the first widely used operating systems for personal computers, particularly those based on Intel 8080 and Zilog Z80 microprocessors.

Classical logic is a formal system of reasoning that was developed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It is characterized by several key features: 1. **Propositional and Predicate Logic**: Classical logic includes systems like propositional logic, which deals with propositions as whole units, and predicate logic, which incorporates the use of quantifiers and predicates to express more complex statements about objects.

The term "Yugoslav mathematicians" refers to mathematicians from the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, which existed from 1945 until its dissolution in the early 1990s. The region had a rich mathematical tradition and produced numerous influential mathematicians who contributed significantly to various fields of mathematics. Some notable Yugoslav mathematicians include: 1. **Milan R. Vukicevic** - Known for his contributions to functional analysis and operator theory.

John Venn (1834–1923) was an English logician, philosopher, and mathematician best known for his work in mathematical logic and set theory. He is most famous for creating the Venn diagram, a graphical representation used to show the relationships between different sets. Venn diagrams use overlapping circles to represent the sets and their intersections, making them a valuable tool in various fields, including mathematics, statistics, computer science, and logic.

Robert W. Bower is not a widely recognized figure based on available information up to October 2021. It is possible that he may be a private individual, a professional in a specific field, or a figure who has gained recognition more recently.

Andrew Hodges is a British mathematician and author, best known for his work in mathematical logic and computer science. He is particularly renowned for his biography of Alan Turing, titled "Alan Turing: The Enigma," which played a significant role in popularizing Turing's contributions to mathematics and computer science, as well as shedding light on his life and tragic fate. Hodges has also made contributions to the fields of mathematical biology and theoretical computer science.

Francis Guthrie (1831–1899) was a South African mathematician notable for his contributions to graph theory. He is best known for formulating the Four Color Theorem, which posits that no more than four colors are needed to color any map in such a way that no two adjacent regions share the same color. Guthrie first proposed this conjecture in 1852 while studying maps of counties in England.

Ronald Rivlin is not a widely known figure in popular culture or current events as of my last knowledge update in October 2021. However, it is possible that you might be referring to someone else, or there may have been developments related to a person named Ronald Rivlin after my last update.

As of my last update in October 2021, "Owen Saunders" does not refer to a widely recognized public figure, concept, or event. It's possible that he could be a private individual, a character from literature, or a name connected to a more recent event or development that has occurred after my last training update.

Ralph Greatorex is a name that may refer to various individuals or contexts, depending on your area of interest. As of my last knowledge update in October 2021, there is no widely recognized figure or reference associated with this name that is prominent in mainstream media, literature, or history.

Russell Targ is an American physicist, author, and pioneering researcher in the field of parapsychology and psychic phenomena. He is best known for his work on remote viewing, which is the practice of perceiving or describing details about a distant or unseen target using extrasensory perception (ESP).