A solarimeter is an instrument designed to measure solar radiation or solar energy. It typically quantifies the amount of sunlight (in terms of watts per square meter) received on a surface area over a specific period of time. Solarimeters are crucial in various fields, including meteorology, solar energy research, agriculture, and environmental studies, as they help assess solar energy availability for applications such as solar panel installation and photovoltaic system design.

A Stevenson screen is a meteorological instrument shelter used to house thermometers and other instruments that measure temperature and humidity. Its primary purpose is to protect these instruments from direct sunlight, precipitation, and other environmental factors that could affect their readings.

A windsock is an aerodynamic device used to indicate the direction and strength of the wind. It is commonly seen at airports, airfields, and weather stations, and consists of a conical textile tube that is open at both ends. When the wind blows, it fills the sock and points in the direction from which the wind is coming, providing pilots and other users with visual information about wind conditions.

Xiangfeng Wu (also spelled as Xiang-Feng Wu) could refer to various subjects, such as a person's name or specific work, but I cannot find contextual information without more detail. It is possible that Xiangfeng Wu is a scholar, artist, or a figure in a specific field.

Governmental meteorological agencies are national or regional organizations responsible for monitoring, forecasting, and researching weather and climate conditions. These agencies play a crucial role in providing accurate and timely weather information, which can be used for various purposes, including public safety, agriculture, transportation, and emergency management. Key functions of governmental meteorological agencies typically include: 1. **Weather Forecasting**: Providing daily forecasts, severe weather alerts, and long-term climate predictions.

The Global Observing Systems Information Center (GOSIC) is a component of the Global Observing System (GOS) initiative, which aims to provide comprehensive data and information related to the global environment, climate, and weather patterns. It serves as a centralized repository and dissemination platform for observing system data from various sources, including satellites, ground-based stations, and other monitoring systems.

Atmospheric electricity refers to the electric charges and electric fields present in the Earth's atmosphere. This phenomenon encompasses various processes and phenomena, including: 1. **Thunderstorms and Lightning**: One of the most familiar aspects of atmospheric electricity is the generation of lightning. Thunderstorms create significant electrical charge separation between different parts of the cloud and between the cloud and the ground. Lightning occurs as a discharge of this accumulated electrical energy.

Clear-air turbulence (CAT) is a type of turbulence that occurs in clear air, typically at high altitudes, and is often associated with jet streams or weather fronts. Unlike turbulence that occurs in turbulent weather conditions with visible clouds or storms, CAT can happen suddenly and without warning in clear skies, making it challenging for pilots to detect and avoid.

Pinhas Alpert is a notable figure in the field of aviation and aerospace engineering, particularly known for his work related to the development of advanced technologies in this field. He may be recognized for various contributions, including research, innovation, or leadership roles in relevant organizations or institutions.

The TOtable Tornado Observatory (T2O) is a mobile scientific facility designed to conduct research on tornadoes and severe weather events. It provides scientists and meteorologists with the ability to observe and collect data in real-time during tornado events. The observatory typically includes advanced instruments for measuring various atmospheric conditions, high-speed cameras, and other tools that help in understanding the dynamics of tornado formation, behavior, and their impacts.

The Saharan Air Layer (SAL) is a mass of dry, dusty air that originates over the Sahara Desert in North Africa. It is typically found in the mid-troposphere and can extend thousands of kilometers westward over the Atlantic Ocean and sometimes even reach the Caribbean and parts of the Americas. The SAL is characterized by its high temperatures, low humidity, and the presence of mineral dust.

The Australian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society (AMOS) is a professional organization in Australia that focuses on the fields of meteorology and oceanography. Established to promote the understanding and advancement of these sciences, AMOS serves as a platform for professionals, researchers, educators, and students who are involved in atmospheric and oceanographic research and application.

The Aviation Weather Center (AWC) is a division of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) in the United States that provides weather information specifically for the aviation community. Its primary mission is to enhance the safety and efficiency of flight operations by providing accurate and timely weather forecasts, advisories, and other meteorological information relevant to aviation.

Climate change education refers to the process of teaching and learning about climate change, its causes and effects, and the actions that can be taken to mitigate and adapt to its impacts. This type of education aims to raise awareness, build understanding, and foster critical thinking about climate issues among individuals and communities.

The National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) is a prominent research institution based in Boulder, Colorado, that focuses on studying the Earth's atmosphere and related systems. Established in 1960, NCAR is funded primarily by the National Science Foundation (NSF) and serves as a hub for scientific research in atmospheric and related sciences.

The University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) is a nonprofit organization based in Boulder, Colorado, that focuses on the atmospheric and related sciences. Established in 1960, UCAR serves as a consortium of over 100 member colleges and universities in the United States, and it plays a pivotal role in advancing education and research in atmospheric, oceanic, and solar sciences.

The American Meteorological Society (AMS) publishes a variety of academic journals that focus on meteorology, climatology, oceanography, and related atmospheric sciences. The AMS journals provide a platform for the dissemination of scientific research and advancements in these fields. The primary journals published by the AMS include: 1. **Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (JAS)**: Focuses on research related to the atmospheric sciences, including meteorology and climate.

Atmospheric Science Letters is a scientific journal that publishes short research articles and communications in the field of atmospheric sciences. It focuses on fast-track publication of important findings and discussions related to atmospheric processes, climate change, weather phenomena, air quality, and other topics pertinent to the understanding of the Earth's atmosphere. The journal is peer-reviewed, ensuring that the research presented meets high scientific standards.

The All-Russian Scientific Research Institute for Physical-Engineering and Radiotechnical Metrology (VNIIFTRI) is a Russian research institute that focuses on metrology, which is the science of measurement. Established in 1947, VNIIFTRI is responsible for developing and maintaining measurement standards for various physical quantities, including those relevant to engineering and radiotechnical measurements.

WxChallenge is a weather-related competition that typically involves participants predicting weather conditions or solving weather-related problems using real-time data and analytical skills. Participants may be tasked with forecasting specific events, analyzing meteorological data, or even modeling climate phenomena. Competitions like these may take place in academic settings, among meteorology enthusiasts, or as part of larger science and technology challenges. The specifics of WxChallenge can vary depending on the organizing body, the format of the event, and the target audience.