"A General Theory of Exploitation and Class" is a theoretical framework proposed by the economist and social theorist, Alan Carrasco, that seeks to analyze the dynamics of class and exploitation within socio-economic systems. The theory aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of how different classes arise and how exploitation operates within various forms of economic organization.

A set-valued function is a type of mathematical function where, instead of associating each input with a single output, it associates each input with a set of possible outputs. Formally, a set-valued function can be defined as follows: Let \( X \) be a set (the domain) and \( Y \) be another set (the codomain).

Wolfgang Stegmüller (1923–2018) was a noted German philosopher, known primarily for his work in the philosophy of science, epistemology, and the philosophy of language. He made significant contributions to the discussions surrounding logical positivism and scientific realism, as well as the foundations of scientific theories. Stegmüller is especially recognized for his efforts to clarify and analyze scientific concepts and for his work on the structure and meaning of scientific theories.

"The Myth of the Framework" is a concept primarily associated with the Austrian economist and philosopher Friedrich Hayek. The phrase refers to the idea that societies operate within certain frameworks of rules, beliefs, and institutions but that these frameworks can sometimes become constraining or misleading. Hayek argued that the complexities of human societies cannot be fully understood or managed by rigid, predetermined frameworks or theories. In his work, Hayek emphasized the importance of spontaneous order and the adaptive nature of social systems.

**Ratio** is a scholarly journal that focuses on philosophy, particularly in relation to theories of ethics, philosophy of language, philosophy of mind, and other areas within the field. Established in 1988, it provides a platform for rigorous academic articles, discussions, and reviews that contribute to philosophical discourse. The journal is known for its commitment to high-quality, peer-reviewed content and often features contributions from prominent philosophers and scholars.

Apodicticity refers to the quality of being apodictic, which means something that is necessarily true and can be demonstrated or proven to be true with certainty. In philosophical terms, apodictic statements are those that are not just probable or contingent but are universally valid and incontrovertible. These types of truths often pertain to logical deductions or foundational principles in mathematics and philosophy that do not require empirical evidence for validation.

The history of Google is a fascinating tale of innovation, entrepreneurship, and technological evolution. Here’s an overview of the key milestones: ### 1. Founding and Early Development (1996-1998) - **1995**: Larry Page and Sergey Brin, two PhD students at Stanford University, begin collaborating on a project called "Backrub," which is an early search engine that ranks pages based on the number of backlinks.

Infomax can refer to a variety of concepts or entities depending on the context. Here are a few possible interpretations: 1. **Infomax (Statistical Method)**: In the context of statistics and information theory, Infomax is often associated with a model or algorithm for optimizing the information extracted from data, particularly in neural networks and signal processing. It generally refers to maximizing the information transfer or minimizing information loss in a system.

The term "Austrian cryptographers" could refer to cryptographers from Austria or those associated with Austrian cryptography. Austria has contributed to various fields of mathematics and computer science, including cryptography. Notable figures in the field of cryptography who may be associated with Austria or who are of Austrian descent include: 1. **Adrian von Müller** – Known for his contributions to cryptographic security.

Stoic logic is a part of the philosophical system developed by the Stoics, a school of philosophy that began in ancient Greece and flourished in Rome. The Stoics, including notable figures such as Zeno of Citium, Chrysippus, Seneca, and Epictetus, were primarily concerned with ethics, epistemology, and the nature of the universe, but they also developed a sophisticated system of logic.

Anaximander was an ancient Greek philosopher, mathematician, and astronomer who lived in the 6th century BCE, specifically from around 610 to 546 BCE. He was a pre-Socratic thinker and a pupil of Thales, often regarded as one of the early figures in Western philosophy. Anaximander is best known for his work in cosmology, geography, and biology.

"Euclid's Data" is a work attributed to the ancient Greek mathematician Euclid, known primarily for his contributions to geometry. This particular text focuses on the nature and properties of geometric concepts, particularly concerning the conditions necessary to deduce certain propositions and relationships from given data. The work is notable for its exploration of the concept of data in the sense of what is assumed or given in a geometric problem.

"On Sizes and Distances" is a work attributed to the ancient Greek astronomer Hipparchus, who lived in the 2nd century BCE. While the original text is lost, it is known through references and quotations by later scholars and commentators. This work is significant because it deals with the relative sizes and distances of celestial bodies, particularly the Moon and Sun, in relation to the Earth.

Epicurus was an ancient Greek philosopher who lived from 341 to 270 BCE. He founded the school of philosophy known as Epicureanism, which is based on the pursuit of happiness and the attainment of a pleasurable life through the cultivation of wisdom, friendship, and moderation. Epicurus believed that the greatest good was to seek pleasure and avoid pain, but he defined pleasure in a nuanced way.

Philo of Byzantium was a Greek engineer and inventor who lived around the 3rd century BCE, during the Hellenistic period. He is best known for his work in mechanics and engineering, particularly for his contributions to the study of machines and automata. Philo's writings included descriptions of various mechanical devices, including tools and machines that utilized principles of leverage, pulleys, and hydraulics.

Vietnamese astronomers refer to individuals from Vietnam who are engaged in the field of astronomy, which is the scientific study of celestial objects, space, and the universe as a whole. Over the years, Vietnam has developed its capabilities in astronomy, with researchers contributing to various branches of the field, including astrophysics, observational astronomy, and space science.

The anti-nuclear movement in Austria is a social and political movement that opposes the use of nuclear energy and the development of nuclear power plants in the country. This movement gained significant momentum in the 1970s and 1980s, particularly in response to concerns about nuclear safety, environmental issues, and the potential consequences of nuclear accidents.

The anti-nuclear movement in Vanuatu emerged in response to the significant nuclear testing conducted by France in the South Pacific, particularly during the 1970s and 1980s. Vanuatu, an archipelago nation, became a vocal opponent of nuclear testing after it gained independence from colonial rule in 1980.