Two-center bipolar coordinates are a type of orthogonal coordinate system used in mathematics and physics. They are particularly useful in problems that involve two fixed points, called foci, within a plane. This coordinate system can be particularly advantageous for solving problems related to potential theory, fluid dynamics, and electrostatics. ### Definition and Properties 1.

The Watchman Route Problem is a classical problem in computational geometry and optimization. It involves determining an optimal route for a "watchman" who needs to patrol an area (usually represented as a polygon) and ensure full visibility of that area. The goal is to find the shortest path that allows the watchman to observe every point within the specified region.

The Fellows of the American Geophysical Union (AGU) is an honor bestowed upon members of the AGU who have made exceptional contributions to the Earth and space sciences. This recognition is awarded to individuals who have demonstrated outstanding achievements in research and have advanced the understanding of geophysical phenomena. Election to AGU Fellow is a prestigious distinction that reflects a member’s commitment to scientific excellence and their impact on the geophysical community.

As of my last knowledge update in October 2021, "Kelin Wang" does not refer to a widely recognized term or entity. However, it is possible that it could be a name of a person, particularly someone in academia, business, or media. Without more specific context, it is difficult to provide accurate information.

As of my last update in October 2023, I don't have any specific information about an individual named John-Michael Kendall. It's possible that he is a private individual or a relatively unknown figure, or that he gained prominence after that date.

Climate variability and climate change are related concepts, but they refer to different phenomena regarding the Earth's climate system. ### Climate Variability Climate variability refers to the fluctuations in climate conditions that occur over shorter time periods, such as days, seasons, or years. This includes natural variations caused by a range of factors, including: 1. **Natural processes**: Such as volcanic eruptions, ocean currents, and atmospheric patterns (e.g., El Niño and La Niña).

As of my last knowledge update in October 2021, Georgia Destouni is a prominent figure in the field of environmental science and hydrology, known for her research on water management, sustainable development, and integrated water resources. She has contributed significantly to the understanding of the interactions between human activities and hydrological processes.

The thermal history of Earth refers to the changes in temperature and heat distribution throughout the planet's formation and development, from its origin over 4.5 billion years ago to the present day. Understanding this thermal history is essential for insights into Earth's geological processes, the development of its atmosphere and oceans, and the evolution of life. ### Key Stages of Earth's Thermal History: 1. **Formation and Initial Cooling (4.5 - 4.

Vít Kárník is not widely recognized as a public figure or entity in major historical, cultural, or scientific contexts based on the information available up to October 2023. It’s possible that he could be a lesser-known individual or a private person. If you have more context about who he is or in which field he might be relevant (e.g.

Henry Marshall Tory (1864–1947) was a notable figure in Canadian education and academia. He is best known for his role as the first president of the University of Alberta, where he served from 1908 to 1928. Tory was instrumental in shaping the university's early development, promoting a vision of education that included not only traditional academic disciplines but also a strong emphasis on research and community service.

Radiometric dating is a technique used to date materials such as rocks or carbon by measuring the abundance of specific radioactive isotopes within the sample. This method relies on the principle of radioactive decay, where unstable isotopes (parent isotopes) transform into stable isotopes (daughter isotopes) over time at a known rate, characterized by their half-lives. For example, in carbon dating, carbon-14 (a radioactive isotope of carbon) decays into nitrogen-14 over time.

The National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology (Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, or INGV) is an Italian research institute dedicated to the study of geology, geophysics, and volcanology. Established in 1999, the INGV focuses on monitoring seismic and volcanic activity in Italy, which is known for its significant geological hazards.

A Bottom Simulating Reflector (BSR) is a geological feature typically found in submarine environments, particularly in areas where gas hydrates are present. It is characterized by a distinct reflection observed in seismic data, which indicates a boundary where changes in material properties occur, typically due to the presence of gas hydrate saturation. The BSR forms below the seabed and is associated with the phase change from gas hydrate to free gas.

Episodic tremor and slip (ETS) is a phenomenon observed in subduction zones, particularly in regions where tectonic plates interact. It refers to a cyclical behavior of the crust that involves both low-frequency tremor and slow slip events on faults. ### Components of ETS: 1. **Tremor**: This involves the continuous release of low-frequency seismic waves. These tremors are not typically felt on the surface but can be detected by sensitive seismometers.

Gassmann's equation is a fundamental equation in geophysics and petrophysics that describes the relationship between the elastic properties of saturated porous rocks and their fluid content. It allows for the estimation of the bulk modulus of a saturated rock when the properties of the dry rock and the fluids filling its pores are known.

The Oxford Concordance Program (OCP) is a software tool developed by Oxford University Press that allows users to create concordances, which are alphabetical lists of the words present in a text along with their immediate contexts. The OCP is often used in linguistic and textual analysis, enabling researchers, scholars, and students to study the frequency and distribution of words in various texts.

Seyfert galaxies are a class of active galaxies characterized by their bright nuclei, which are thought to be powered by supermassive black holes at their centers. They are named after the American astronomer Carl Seyfert, who first classified them in 1943. Seyfert galaxies are divided into two main types: 1. **Seyfert Type 1**: These galaxies exhibit broad emission lines in their optical spectra, indicating fast-moving gas in the vicinity of the black hole.

The Galactic disc is the flat, rotating region of a galaxy that contains most of its stars, gas, and dust. It is typically where the majority of the galaxy's star formation occurs and is characterized by a high concentration of young stars and nebulae, as well as older stars. In spiral galaxies, the Galactic disc is distinctively structured into spiral arms that are regions of higher density where new star formation is actively taking place.

A Hess diagram, also known as a Hess energy diagram, is a graphical representation used in thermochemistry to illustrate the relationships between the enthalpy changes of a series of chemical reactions. It is based on Hess's Law, which states that the total enthalpy change for a reaction is the sum of the enthalpy changes for the individual steps of the reaction, regardless of the pathway taken from reactants to products.

The Jellyfish Galaxy, also known as ESO 137-001, is a visually striking galaxy located in the constellation Hydra. It is particularly notable for its distinctive tail of gas and stars, which appears to flow behind it like the tentacles of a jellyfish—hence its nickname. This unusual feature is believed to be the result of the galaxy moving through the hot gas of the Fornax Cluster, which strips away gas and dust from the galaxy's outer regions.