Tropical cryptography is a field of study that combines ideas from tropical mathematics and cryptography. Tropical mathematics is a branch of mathematics that deals with the "tropical semiring," where the usual operations of addition and multiplication are replaced by operations that involve taking minimum (or maximum) and addition, respectively. In tropical mathematics, for example, the tropical addition of two numbers is the minimum of the two, and the tropical multiplication is the usual addition.

Trusted Computing is a concept that refers to a set of technologies and standards designed to enhance the security of computing devices and networks. It aims to provide a more secure computing environment through hardware-based security mechanisms that enable the protection of data and the integrity of systems.

An **undeniable signature** is a cryptographic concept that allows a signer to produce a signature on a message in such a way that they cannot later deny having signed that message, but the recipient of the signature is unable to prove to anyone else that the signer actually signed it. This contrasts with traditional digital signatures, where the signature can be verified by anyone who possesses the signer's public key.

An Unknown Key-Share (UKS) attack is a type of cryptographic attack that targets key exchange protocols. In these protocols, two parties typically derive a shared secret or key over an insecure channel. The UKS attack occurs when an attacker is able to manipulate the key exchange process such that one or both parties mistakenly believe they are sharing a key with one another, while in reality, the attacker is in control of the process.

Verifiable Secret Sharing (VSS) is a cryptographic method used for distributing a secret among multiple participants (or "shareholders") in such a way that: 1. **The secret can be reconstructed**: A certain number of participants, known as the threshold, must come together to reconstruct the original secret. 2. **The shares are correct**: Each participant receives a share of the secret, and they can verify that their share is correct without needing access to the secret itself.

A signal that indicates that an animal is ready for mating.

WYSIWYS stands for "What You See Is What You Share." It is a term used in the context of collaborative environments, particularly in software for online collaboration and content creation. The concept emphasizes that the content one sees in a collaborative tool is exactly what will be shared or made available to others.

American crystallographers refer to scientists and researchers in the United States who study crystallography, the branch of science that examines the arrangement of atoms within crystalline solids. Crystallography involves techniques and methodologies used to understand the structure, properties, and behavior of crystalline materials, which can include anything from metals and minerals to biological macromolecules like proteins and nucleic acids. American crystallographers often contribute to advancements in various fields, including materials science, chemistry, biology, and physics.

Canadian crystallographers refer to scientists and researchers in Canada who specialize in the study of crystalline materials and the arrangement of atoms within these structures. Crystallography is a branch of science that deals with the study of crystals and their formation, properties, and behavior. It is commonly used in fields such as chemistry, physics, materials science, and biology. In Canada, there are several research institutions, universities, and laboratories where crystallographers work.

The International Union of Crystallography (IUCr) is a professional association that promotes international cooperation in crystallography and related fields. It was founded in 1948 and has played a crucial role in advancing the study and application of crystallography. The IUCr is governed by an elected body of officials, including a president who serves a term of four years. The list of presidents includes notable scientists in the field of crystallography and reflects the pioneering work and leadership that have shaped the discipline.

A. W. Pryor could refer to different subjects, including a person, a company, or an entity, but without further context, it's hard to pinpoint exactly what you're asking about.

Ada Yonath is an Israeli crystallographer and Nobel Prize winner renowned for her groundbreaking work on the structure and function of ribosomes. She was born on June 22, 1939, in Jerusalem, Israel. Yonath’s research has contributed significantly to the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of protein synthesis in cells. In 2009, she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, along with Venkatraman Ramakrishnan and Thomas A.

As of my last update in October 2023, Alexander F. Wells may refer to a person who may have relevance in various fields such as academia, literature, or other professional areas. However, without additional context, it's difficult to provide a specific answer about this individual. If you have a specific context in which Alexander F.

Arne Magnéli is a name associated with a significant concept in materials science, particularly concerning certain types of zirconium oxide ceramics. The Magnéli phases, named after Swedish scientist Arne Magnéli, refer to a group of non-stoichiometric oxides that have unique electrical and mechanical properties. These phases typically include varying ratios of zirconium and oxygen, and they have potential applications in areas such as solid-state ionics, electronics, and fuel cells.

Arnold von Lasaulx (1820-1865) was a notable German writer and literary figure, recognized for his contributions to various genres including drama, essays, and poetry. He is often associated with the literary scene of the 19th century in Germany. Lasaulx's works are characterized by their exploration of human emotions and philosophical themes, reflecting the broader zeitgeist of the Romantic and early Realist movements.

Artem Oganov is a well-known Russian theoretical chemist, recognized for his contributions to the fields of materials science and computational chemistry. He is particularly noted for his work on the prediction of crystal structures and the development of new materials, utilizing computational methods and algorithms. Oganov has made significant advancements in understanding the properties of various substances under extreme conditions, such as high pressures, and his research has implications for fields like solid-state physics and geophysics.