The Orano Cycle is a nuclear fuel cycle services framework provided by Orano, a French multinational company that specializes in the nuclear energy sector. Specifically, it focuses on the management of nuclear materials throughout their lifecycle, including uranium mining, fuel enrichment, nuclear fuel fabrication, reactor operation, and the recycling or disposal of spent nuclear fuel. Key components of the Orano Cycle include: 1. **Uranium Mining**: Extracting uranium from mines as a raw material for nuclear fuel.

Windscale Piles were a pair of plutonium production reactors located at the Windscale site in Cumbria, England. They were part of the UK's first large-scale nuclear facility and were built in the late 1940s and early 1950s. The reactors were operational from 1956 until 1981. The main purpose of the Windscale Piles was to produce plutonium for the British nuclear weapons program.

The Autorité de sûreté nucléaire (ASN) is the French governmental authority responsible for the regulation and oversight of nuclear safety and radiation protection in France. Established in 2006, ASN operates independently from the French nuclear industry and is tasked with ensuring the safety of nuclear installations and activities, protecting public health, and safeguarding the environment from the potential hazards of nuclear energy. ASN's responsibilities include: 1. **Regulation**: Developing regulations and guidelines for nuclear safety and radiation protection.

"Nuclear waste companies" refers to organizations involved in the management, treatment, storage, or disposal of nuclear waste, which is generated from various activities that use nuclear materials, such as energy production in nuclear power plants, medical applications, and research. The key roles of these companies can include: 1. **Storage and Disposal**: Providing facilities for the long-term storage or disposal of high-level radioactive waste, low-level waste, or spent nuclear fuel.

"Power Machines" can refer to different concepts depending on the context. Here are a few possible interpretations: 1. **Electromechanical Machines**: In engineering, "power machines" typically refer to devices that convert energy into usable mechanical power. This includes engines (like internal combustion engines), turbines (such as gas or steam turbines), and generators. These machines play crucial roles in various industries, from transportation to energy production.

BWX Technologies, Inc. is a company that specializes in providing nuclear and advanced technologies. The company is a leading supplier of nuclear components and systems for the U.S. government and commercial customers, particularly in the defense sector. BWX Technologies is known for its work in the areas of nuclear energy, naval nuclear propulsion, and medical isotopes. One of the key areas of focus for BWX Technologies is the design and manufacture of nuclear reactors and reactor components, particularly for the U.S.

The Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) is a governmental organization in Japan responsible for research and development in the field of nuclear energy and technology. Established in 2005, it plays a crucial role in promoting safe and peaceful uses of nuclear energy, enhancing nuclear safety, advancing nuclear science and technology, and contributing to the development of nuclear energy systems.

Transatomic Power was a startup company focused on developing a new type of nuclear reactor technology, specifically a liquid sodium-cooled, fast reactor. The company's goal was to create a safe, efficient, and sustainable way to generate nuclear power, addressing some of the concerns associated with traditional nuclear power plants. The technology was designed to utilize nuclear waste as fuel, aiming to close the fuel cycle and reduce the environmental impact of nuclear energy.

Combustion Engineering is a branch of engineering that focuses on the study of combustion processes, which involve the chemical reaction of fuel with an oxidizer (usually oxygen) to produce energy, heat, and emissions. This field encompasses a variety of disciplines, including chemical engineering, mechanical engineering, and environmental engineering, as it involves understanding the underlying chemical reactions, thermodynamics, fluid dynamics, and heat transfer involved in combustion processes.

The Institute for Physical Problems (IFP) is a research institution that often focuses on various aspects of physics, including theoretical and experimental work. While specific details about the institute may vary depending on its location and mission, such institutions typically engage in scientific research, provide educational opportunities, and collaborate with other organizations to advance knowledge in the field of physics. One specific Institute for Physical Problems is located in Azerbaijan, known for its contributions to condensed matter physics and materials science, among other areas.

EGP-6, or Endogenous Growth Protein 6, is a protein that is encoded by specific genes in various organisms, including humans. It is involved in various biological processes, particularly those related to growth and development. However, without specific context, "EGP-6" could refer to different things in different fields or studies. For instance, it could also refer to experimental compounds, gene designations, or other specific scientific contexts.

The "List of Chernobyl-related articles" refers to a compilation of articles and topics related to the Chernobyl disaster, which occurred on April 26, 1986, when a reactor at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in Ukraine exploded. This event is considered one of the worst nuclear disasters in history and had far-reaching implications for nuclear safety, public health, and environmental policies.

The term "Mining and Chemical Combine" can refer to an organization or facility that integrates mining operations with chemical processing. Such facilities typically focus on the extraction of valuable minerals or metals from ore and the subsequent chemical treatment processes that are necessary to purify these materials or convert them into usable forms.

The NL Dukhov All-Russian Research Institute of Automation, often referred to simply as VNIIA (based on its Russian acronym), is a prominent research institution in Russia focused on the field of automation and control systems. It was named after Nikolai Leonidovich Dukhov, a significant figure in the field. VNIIA engages in a wide range of activities related to the development of automated systems for various industries, including aerospace, defense, and other sectors requiring advanced technological solutions.

The Research Institute of Atomic Reactors (RIAR) is a scientific research organization based in Russia that focuses on the development, design, and operation of nuclear reactors and their applications. Established in the 1950s, RIAR is part of the Russian state atomic energy corporation, Rosatom.

Crimes involving radioactive substances typically refer to illegal activities that encompass the misuse, trafficking, or unauthorized handling of materials that emit radiation. Such crimes can pose significant risks to public health and safety, the environment, and national security. Here are some common types of offenses involving radioactive substances: 1. **Illicit Trafficking**: This includes the illegal sale, distribution, or movement of radioactive materials, often with the aim of profit. It can involve both state-sponsored actions and criminal enterprises.

Artificial radiation belts are regions of enhanced radiation surrounding the Earth, created by human activities, particularly through the testing and deployment of nuclear weapons and certain space missions. Unlike natural radiation belts, which include the Van Allen radiation belts formed by cosmic rays and solar particles, artificial radiation belts can be generated by man-made sources. Below are some significant examples of artificial radiation belts: 1. **Operation Fishbowl**: Part of the larger Operation Dominic conducted by the United States during the 1962 Cold War.

The list of sunken nuclear submarines includes various submarines that have been lost at sea due to accidents, collisions, or operational incidents. Here are some notable examples: 1. **USS Thresher (SSN-593)** - Lost on April 10, 1963, off the coast of Massachusetts during a deep dive due to possible mechanical failure. All 129 crew members were lost.

United States military terminology related to nuclear incidents includes a variety of terms and phrases used to describe different events, procedures, and concepts pertaining to nuclear incidents, accidents, and emergencies. Here are some key terms: 1. **Nuclear Detonation**: The explosion resulting from a nuclear weapon. 2. **Radiological Dispersal Device (RDD)**: Often referred to as a "dirty bomb," this is a weapon that combines conventional explosives with radioactive material to spread contamination.

The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) is an international treaty aimed at preventing the spread of nuclear weapons and promoting peaceful uses of nuclear energy. It was opened for signature on July 1, 1968, and entered into force on March 5, 1970. The NPT has three main pillars: 1. **Non-Proliferation**: The treaty seeks to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and nuclear weapon technology.