John William Draper (1811–1882) was an English-American scientist, philosopher, physician, and photographer, recognized for his significant contributions to various fields, including chemistry, photography, and astronomy. He is best known for his work in promoting the use of photography in scientific documentation and is often credited with creating some of the first photographs of the Moon in the 1840s.

Nicholas Turro is a prominent American chemist known for his contributions to the fields of organic chemistry and photochemistry. He is particularly recognized for his work on the principles of chemical reactions that are initiated or controlled by light. Turro has published extensively in scientific journals and has been influential in advancing the understanding of excited-state chemistry and the use of photonic processes in various applications. In addition to his research, he has also been involved in teaching and mentoring students in chemistry.

Photogrammetry is the science and technology of obtaining reliable information about physical objects and the environment through the process of recording, measuring, and interpreting photographic images. It plays a crucial role in fields such as mapping, surveying, architecture, archaeology, and remote sensing. Journals dedicated to photogrammetry typically publish research articles, reviews, case studies, and technical papers on various aspects of the discipline.

Photogrammetry organizations are groups or societies dedicated to the study, application, and advancement of photogrammetry, which is the science of making measurements from photographs, especially for recovering the exact positions of surface points. These organizations often focus on promoting education, research, and technology development in the field of photogrammetry and related areas such as remote sensing, geographic information systems (GIS), and spatial data analysis.

A 3D selfie is a three-dimensional representation of a person's facial features and appearance, typically created using specialized technology. Unlike a traditional 2D selfie, which captures an image from a single perspective, a 3D selfie captures depth and contours, resulting in a more lifelike and realistic portrayal. 3D selfies can be created using various methods, including: 1. **3D Scanning**: Devices like handheld 3D scanners or mobile apps that utilize advanced sensors (e.g.

An aerial survey is a method of collecting information about the Earth's surface, often using aircraft, drones, or other airborne platforms equipped with cameras, sensors, or other data collection instruments. This type of survey is commonly employed for a variety of purposes, including: 1. **Mapping**: Creating topographical maps for land use planning, urban development, and environmental management. 2. **Environmental Monitoring**: Assessing natural resources, tracking changes in landscapes, monitoring wildlife habitats, and studying environmental impacts.

A first-magnitude star is a classification of a star based on its brightness as observed from Earth. In the historical system of stellar magnitude developed by the ancient Greek astronomer Hipparchus, stars were categorized into six magnitudes, with first-magnitude stars being the brightest. The scale is logarithmic, meaning that a first-magnitude star is approximately 2.5 times brighter than a second-magnitude star.

The Aperture Photometry Tool (APT) is a software application commonly used in astronomy for the purpose of measuring the brightness of celestial objects in images. It employs aperture photometry, a technique that involves summing the pixel values in a defined circular region (the aperture) around a star or other astronomical object, while also measuring the background light in an annular region outside the aperture.

Relative luminance is a measure used to describe the perceived brightness of a color or image in relation to a reference white point or a defined scale. It reflects how bright a surface appears to the human eye, considering factors like the surrounding environment and specific color characteristics. In the context of digital media, relative luminance is often defined in terms of the RGB (Red, Green, Blue) color model.

Stray light refers to unwanted or unintentional light that enters an optical system, such as a camera, telescope, or microscope, and can interfere with the proper functioning or quality of the system. This stray light can come from various sources, such as reflections, scattering, or light leakage, and can degrade image quality by causing issues such as reduced contrast, decreased sharpness, and unwanted artifacts.

Dutch physical chemists refer to scientists from the Netherlands who specialize in the field of physical chemistry, a branch of chemistry that deals with the study of how matter behaves on a molecular and atomic level, and the physical properties of molecules. This discipline combines principles of physics and chemistry to understand chemical systems and processes, often using techniques in thermodynamics, quantum mechanics, and statistical mechanics.

The Bohr magneton is a physical constant that represents the atomic magneton related to the magnetic moment of an electron due to its orbital motion around the nucleus and its intrinsic spin. It is used as a unit of measurement for the magnetic moment of particles like electrons.

The Bohr radius is a physical constant that represents the most probable distance between the nucleus and the electron in a hydrogen atom in its ground state. Named after the physicist Niels Bohr, who developed the Bohr model of the atom in 1913, the Bohr radius is a fundamental length scale in quantum mechanics and atomic physics.

The IAU (International Astronomical Union) 1976 System of Astronomical Constants refers to a set of fundamental constants and parameters that were adopted by the IAU to standardize astronomical measurements, particularly in relation to celestial mechanics and the dynamics of the solar system. The 1976 system was one of several revisions of astronomical constants developed to improve accuracy in astronomical calculations and to provide a consistent framework for the work of astronomers and astrophysicists.

As of my last knowledge update in October 2021, there isn't specific widely recognized information on an individual named Jennifer Mackinnon. It's possible she could be a private individual or a professional not well-known in public domains. If there have been significant developments or news regarding someone named Jennifer Mackinnon after that date, I wouldn't be aware of them.

The time constant is a measure that characterizes the time response of a system, typically in the context of first-order linear systems, such as electrical circuits (like RC circuits) and mechanical systems (like damped harmonic oscillators). It provides a way to quantify how quickly a system responds to changes in input.

Reactive intermediates are transient species that form during the course of a chemical reaction but do not typically appear in the final products. These intermediates are often highly reactive and may exist for only a very short period of time. They play a crucial role in understanding the mechanisms of chemical reactions. There are several types of reactive intermediates, including: 1. **Carbocations**: Positively charged carbon species that have only six electrons in their valence shell, making them highly reactive.

Aromaticity is a property of certain cyclic (ring-shaped), planar (flat), and conjugated (alternating single and multiple bonds) hydrocarbons and other compounds that results in increased stability compared to non-aromatic compounds.

Dynamic binding in chemistry refers to the process where molecules, such as ligands and receptors or substrates and enzymes, interact with each other in a reversible manner. This interaction can change over time, allowing for the binding and unbinding of the molecules involved. This concept is particularly relevant in fields such as biochemistry, supramolecular chemistry, and materials science.

Bonaventura Clotet is a prominent Spanish scientist, physician, and researcher, particularly known for his work in the fields of HIV/AIDS and infectious diseases. He has contributed significantly to the understanding and treatment of HIV infection and related conditions. Clotet has been involved in clinical research and has held various academic and leadership positions in institutions focused on infectious diseases. His work has not only advanced medical knowledge but also improved patient care and treatment strategies in HIV/AIDS.