Early transmitters such as the spark-gap transmitter could only send noises to send Morse code.

To send voice and music, amplitude modulation had to be developed. And a key ingredient of this is the carrier wave.

The problem is, the carrier wave needs to have somewhat high frequencies, in the hundreds of kHz TODO why. But as you might imagine, that is hard to achieve by mechanical means such as a hand cranck like Hippolyte Pixiis alternator!

Interestingly, some of the first carrier wave generators were actually mechanical, e.g. the Alexanderson alternator.

But clearly such mechanical machines were not very scalable, and soon more electronic devices were introduced, notably the vacuum tube.

The first type of device that allowed sending Morse code without wires, as opposed to the wired electrical telegraph that previously existed.

Naval communications was one of the first major applications, as you can't have wires on boats!

Wireless voice transmission came about with modulation.

A member of the underlying field of a vector space. E.g. in ${\mathbb{R}}^3$, the underlying field is $\mathbb{R}$, and a scalar is a member of $\mathbb{R}$, i.e. a real number.

Experiments to measure it:

The 2019 redefinition of the SI base units defines it precisely and uses it as a measure of charge: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_redefinition_of_the_SI_base_units#Ampere

Quantum is getting hot in 2019, and even Ciro Santilli got a bit excited: quantum computing could be the next big thing.

No useful algorithm has been economically accelerated by quantum yet as of 2019, only useless ones, but the bets are on, big time.

To get a feeling of this, just have a look at the insane number of startups that are already developing quantum algorithms for hardware that doesn't/barely exists! quantumcomputingreport.com/players/privatestartup (archive). Some feared we might be in a bubble: Are we in a quantum computing bubble?

To get a basic idea of what programming a quantum computer looks like start by reading: Section "Quantum computing is just matrix multiplication".

Some people have their doubts, and that is not unreasonable, it might truly not work out. We could be on the verge of an AI winter of quantum computing. But Ciro Santilli feels that it is genuinely impossible to tell as of 2020 if something will work out or not. We really just have to try it out and see. There must have been skeptics before every single next big thing.

Course plan:

Only NP-intermediate, which includes notably integer factorization:

This book series appears to be the one: global.oup.com/academic/content/series/h/history-of-the-university-of-oxford-huo/. A mere 250 pounds+ each.

We will get into more detail later, but it is good to have it in mind now:

See also:

Toy/test/tought experiment algorithm.

News aggregators:

Personal websites:

This section is about companies that integrate parts and software from various other companies to make up fully working computer systems.

This kind of died at some point checked as of 2023.

Julian Togelius cites it e.g. at: togelius.blogspot.com/2016/07/which-games-are-useful-for-testing.html