Mitochondrial endosymbiosis Updated 2025-07-16
Eukaryote without mitochondria Updated 2025-07-16
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27185558/ A Eukaryote without a Mitochondrial Organelle by Karnkowska et. al (2016)
Structure of the mitochondria Updated 2025-07-16
Mitochondria are only inherited from the mother Updated 2025-07-16
Notably, it does not undergo crossover.
Mitochondrial DNA Updated 2025-07-16
Power, Sex, Suicide by Nick Lane (2006) Updated 2025-07-16
All pages below are from the second edition from 2018. It seems that there weren't any changes in the text, the updated preface mentions
As it happens, nearly 15 years have passed since the 1st edition of Power, Sex, Suicide was published, and I am resisting the temptation to make any lame revisions. Some say that even Darwin lessened the power of his arguments in the Origin of Species through his multiple revisions, in which he dealt with criticisms and sometimes shifted his views in the wrong direction. I prefer my original to speak for itself, even if it turns out to be wrong.
This is partly addressed in the preface of the second edition from 2018.
Central thesis:
- there are two sexes because of mitochondria
- the acquisition of mitochondria was one of the most important steps in the evolution of eukaryotes.There are no known eukaryotes which never had mitochondria. Having mitochondria appears to be a requisite for being an eukaryote.Contrast this for example with multicellularity, which is highly polyphyletic.
- Apoptosis is largely regulated by mitochondria
- there are two main theories for how the mitochondria endosymbiosis started:
- parsitic hypothesis of mitochondrial endosymbiosis: a parasitic option rather than cooperative
- hydrogen hypothesis: a cooperative option rather than parasitic
Smaller points:
- 10% of our body weight (dry presumably?) is mitochondria. Also quoted at: www.nature.com/scitable/blog/student-voices/mighty_mitochondria. TODO confirm.
- eukaryotes can do phatocytosis due to their cytoskeleton
- paints a colorful picture of Peter Mitchell. Some Wikipedia edits are warranted!
- it is hard for complex organisms to evolve because longer DNA means longer replication time
- cancer is natural selection gone wrong
- multicellular organisms are not utopias where every cell lives happily. Rather, they are dictatorships, where any dissident is forced to commit seppuku. Lu Xun's petition quote comes to mind.
Nitpicks:
- the book calls ATP synthase "ATPase" in several points, which is confusing because -ase means "something that breaks", and in 2020 parlance, there are ATPases which actually break ATP: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATPase. The book itself acknowledges that on page 135:
The ATPase is freely reversible. Under some circumstances it can go into reverse, whereupon it splits ATP, and uses the energy released to pump protons up the drive shaft, back across the membrane against the pressure of the reservoir. In fact the very name ATPase (rather than ATP synthase) signifies this action, which was discovered first. This bizarre trait hides a deep secret of life, and we’ll return to it in a moment.
Some criticisms:
- some of the later chapters are a bit more boring, like the stuff about warm-blooded animals. Perhaps is it that Ciro Santilli is more interested in the molecular aspects than macro
- the author talks about some very recent research at the time. While this does highlight his expertise, some of the points mentioned might still be in a state of flow. This is acknowledged by the author himself on the 2018 updated preface however.
Cellular respiration Updated 2025-07-16
Minkowski inner product Updated 2025-07-16
This form is not really an inner product in the common modern definition, because it is not positive definite, only a symmetric bilinear form.
Human mineral Updated 2025-07-16
When you see it, you'll shit bricks Updated 2025-07-16
Microsoft PowerPoint Updated 2025-07-16
Microsoft Windows Updated 2025-07-16
A monopolistic operating system that only exists in the 2010's because of the IBM-linked historical lock-in and constant useless changes of the Microsoft Word document format to prevent cross operability.
It offers no technical advantages over free Linux distros in the late 2010's, and it is barely impossible to buy a non-Mac computer without paying for it, which should be illegal. European Union, time to use your regulatory powers.
The following anecdote illustrates Windows' pervasiveness. Ciro Santilli was once tutoring a high school student in Brazil, and decided to try and get her into programming. When the "Windows is not free" subject came up, the high school student was shocked: "I paid 100 dollars for this?". She never even knew it was there. To her, it was "just a computer".
Laws should really be passed forcing OEMs to allow you to not buy Microsoft Windows when buying a computer, European Union, why have you failed me in 2016??? en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundling_of_Microsoft_Windows
blog.zorinaq.com/i-contribute-to-the-windows-kernel-we-are-slower-than-other-oper/ I Contribute to the Windows Kernel. We Are Slower Than Other Operating Systems. Here Is Why. by Marc Bevand (2013) has some interesting remarks:
There's also little incentive to create changes in the first place. On linux-kernel, if you improve the performance of directory traversal by a consistent 5%, you're praised and thanked. Here, if you do that and you're not on the object manager team, then even if you do get your code past the Ob owners and into the tree, your own management doesn't care. Yes, making a massive improvement will get you noticed by senior people and could be a boon for your career, but the improvement has to be very large to attract that kind of attention.
Bomb disposal robot by The IT Crowd
. Source. Bill Gates Updated 2025-07-16
The enemy?
You must watch this: Video "Bill Gates vs Steve Jobs by Epic Rap Battles of History (2012)".
It does not matter how many trillions you donate to charity, Bill. If you want to prove your point, make MS Word free and open source and port it to Linux. And then Window implements POSIX-compatible APIs and then deprecate non-POSIX APIs.
Bill Gates Jumps Over Chair
. Source. Paul Allen Updated 2025-07-16
96 well microplate Updated 2025-07-16
Biologists are obsessed with these!
MicroPython Updated 2025-08-08
It is interpreted. It actually implements a Python (-like ?) interpreter that can run on a microcontroller. See e.g.: Compile MicroPython code for Micro Bit locally.
Microcontroller vs CPU Updated 2025-08-08
Micro Bit simulator Updated 2025-07-16
Micro Bit getting started Updated 2025-07-16
When plugged into Ubuntu 22.04 via the USB Micro-B the Micro Bit mounts as:e.g.:for username
/media/$USER/MICROBIT//media/ciro/MICROBIT/ciro.Loading the program is done by simply copying a The file name does not matter, only the
.hex binary into the image e.g. with:cp ~/Downloads/microbit_program.hex /media/$USER/MICROBIT/.hex extension. Compile MicroPython code for Micro Bit locally Updated 2025-07-27
To use a prebuilt firmware, you can just use What that does is:
uflash, tested on Ubuntu 22.04:git clone https://github.com/bbcmicrobit/micropython
cd micropython
git checkout 7fc33d13b31a915cbe90dc5d515c6337b5fa1660
uflash examples/led_dance.py- convert the MicroPython code to bytecode
- join it up with a prebuilt firmware that ships with uflash which contains the MicroPython interpreter
- flashes that
To build your own firmware see: Compile MicroPython code for Micro Bit locally on Ubuntu 22.04 with your own firmware
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