E. Coli K-12 MG1655 gene arcA by Ciro Santilli 35 Updated +Created
Note that this is very close to the "end" of the genome.
TODO DNA assembly structure.
This is unlike atomic systems like trapped ion quantum computers, where each atom is necessarily exactly the same as the other.
Diffraction of light by Ciro Santilli 35 Updated +Created
Physics course of the University of Oxford by Ciro Santilli 35 Updated +Created
From the 2020/2021 Oxford physics course handbooks we can determine the following structure:
  • Year 1 (CP, "Coure Preliminaries", "Prelims"). Take all of:
    • CP1 Classical mechanics, Special relativity
    • CP2 Electromagnetism, circuit theory and optics
    • CP3 Mathematical methods 1. Complex Numbers and Ordinary Differential Equations. Vectors and Matrices.
    • CP4 Mathematical methods 2. Multiple Integrals and Vector Calculus. Normal Modes, Wave Motion and the Wave Equation.
  • Year 2 (Part A). Take all of:
    • A1 Thermal physics. Kinetic Theory, Heat Transport, Thermodynamics.
    • A2 Electromagnetism and optics
    • A3 Quantum physics. Quantum Mechanics and Further Quantum Mechanics.
    • Short options: at least one of:
      • Mathematical Methods
      • Probability and Statistics
      • S01 Functions of a Complex Variable
      • S07 Classical Mechanics
      • S10 Medical Imaging and Radiation Therapy
      • S13 Teaching and Learning Physics in Schools
      • S14 History of Physics
      • S20 History of Science
      • S21 Philosophy of Science
      • S22 Language Options
      • S25 Climate Physics
      • S27 Philosophy of Space-Time
      • S29 Exploring Solar Systems
      • S33 Entrepreneurship for Physicists
  • Year 3 (Part B). Take all of:
  • Year 4 (MPhys). Select two from:
Trinity term, the third and final term of each year, contains mostly revision from the previous two terms, after which students take their final exams, which basically account for their entire grade. Trinity is therefore a very tense part of the year for the students. After that they have summer holidays, until coming back for the next year of madness.
The official external course landing page: www.ox.ac.uk/admissions/undergraduate/courses/course-listing/physics. 2021 archive: web.archive.org/web/20221208212856/https://www.ox.ac.uk/admissions/undergraduate/courses/course-listing/physics) In those pages we see the rough structure, except that it does not have the course codes "A1" etc., and some courses are missing.
At web.archive.org/web/20221229021312/https://www2.physics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2011-06-03/course_v3_pdf_80151.pdf page 11 we can see the global course structure giving the two options, 3 year BA or 4 year Oxford physics masters:
Year 1
(Prelims)
|
|
v
Year 2
(Part A)
|
+-----------+
|           |
v           v
Year 3 BA   Year 3 (MPhys)
(Part B)    (Part B)
|           |
|           |
v           v
BA          Year 4
            (Part C)
            |
            |
            v
            MPhys
Practical courses notes: www-teaching.physics.ox.ac.uk/
Ubuntu 16.04 by Ciro Santilli 35 Updated +Created
SQL READ COMMITTED isolation level by Ciro Santilli 35 Updated +Created
Example where this level is sufficient: nodejs/sequelize/raw/parallel_update_async.js.
SQL:1999 by Ciro Santilli 35 Updated +Created
Sergey Brin's women by Ciro Santilli 35 Updated +Created
SARS-CoV-2 Nsp12 by Ciro Santilli 35 Updated +Created
Lecture 4 by Ciro Santilli 35 Updated +Created
16S ribosomal RNA by Ciro Santilli 35 Updated +Created
PostgreSQL getting started by Ciro Santilli 35 Updated +Created
On Ubuntu 20.10 PostgreSQL 12.6, login with psql on my default username without sudo fails with: stackoverflow.com/questions/11919391/postgresql-error-fatal-role-username-does-not-exist
This is the one that worked on Ubuntu 21.04: stackoverflow.com/questions/11919391/postgresql-error-fatal-role-username-does-not-exist/38444152#38444152
sudo -u postgres createuser -s $(whoami)
createdb $(whoami)
Explanation:
  • sudo -u postgres uses the postgres user via peer authentication
  • -s in createuser -s: make it a superuser
  • createdb: TODO why do we have to create a table with the same name as the user? Otherwise login fails.
You can now run psql without any password. This works without password due to peer authentication,
sudo cat /etc/postgresql/12/main/pg_hba.conf
shows that peer authentication is available to all users apparently:
local   all             postgres                                peer

# TYPE  DATABASE        USER            ADDRESS                 METHOD

# "local" is for Unix domain socket connections only
local   all             all                                     peer
List users:
psql -c '\du'
output:
                                    List of roles
  Role name  |                         Attributes                         | Member of 
-------------+------------------------------------------------------------+-----------
 ciro        | Superuser, Create role, Create DB                          | {}
 owning_user |                                                            | {}
 postgres    | Superuser, Create role, Create DB, Replication, Bypass RLS | {}
Delete user later on:
psql -c 'DROP USER username;'
Create a database:
createdb testdb0
Help toplevel:
help
Get help for Postgres commands such as \h and so on:
\?
List supported SQL commands:
\h
Show syntax for one type of command:
\h SELECT
List all databases:
psql -c '\l'
which shows:
    Name     |  Owner   | Encoding |   Collate   |    Ctype    |   Access privileges   
-------------+----------+----------+-------------+-------------+-----------------------
 ciro        | postgres | UTF8     | en_GB.UTF-8 | en_GB.UTF-8 |
 postgres    | postgres | UTF8     | en_GB.UTF-8 | en_GB.UTF-8 |
 template0   | postgres | UTF8     | en_GB.UTF-8 | en_GB.UTF-8 | =c/postgres          +
             |          |          |             |             | postgres=CTc/postgres
 template1   | postgres | UTF8     | en_GB.UTF-8 | en_GB.UTF-8 | =c/postgres          +
             |          |          |             |             | postgres=CTc/postgres
 testdb0     | postgres | UTF8     | en_GB.UTF-8 | en_GB.UTF-8 |
(6 rows)
Delete a database:
psql -c 'DROP DATABASE "testdb0";'
If you didn't give a database from the command line e.g.:
psql
you can do that afterwards with:
\c testdb0
Let's create a table and test that it is working:
psql testdb0 -c 'CREATE TABLE table0 (int0 INT, char0 CHAR(16));'
List tables, no special tables:
psql testdb0 -c '\dt'
gives:
        List of relations
 Schema |  Name  | Type  | Owner
--------+--------+-------+-------
 public | table0 | table | ciro
(1 row)
View table schema: stackoverflow.com/questions/109325/postgresql-describe-table
psql testdb0 -c '\d+ table0'
output:
                                      Table "public.table0"
 Column |     Type      | Collation | Nullable | Default | Storage  | Stats target | Description 
--------+---------------+-----------+----------+---------+----------+--------------+-------------
 int0   | integer       |           |          |         | plain    |              | 
 char0  | character(16) |           |          |         | extended |              | 
Insert some data into it and get the data out:
psql testdb0 -c "INSERT INTO table0 (int0, char0) VALUES (2, 'two'), (3, 'three'), (5, 'five'), (7, 'seven');"
psql testdb0 -c 'SELECT * FROM table0;'
output:
 int0 |      char0
------+------------------
    2 | two
    3 | three
    5 | five
    7 | seven
(4 rows)
Delete the table:
psql testdb0 -c 'DROP TABLE table0;'
Acousto-optic modulator by Ciro Santilli 35 Updated +Created
An optical multiplexer!
Video 1.
Control Light with Sound! by Les' Lab (2021)
Source.
Polarization of light by Ciro Santilli 35 Updated +Created
This section discusses the pre-photon understanding of the polarization of light. For the photon one see: photon polarization.
People were a bit confused when experiments started to show that light might be polarized. How could a wave that propages through a 3D homgenous material like luminiferous aether have polarization?? Light would presumably be understood to be analogous to a sound wave in 3D medium, which cannot have polarization. This was before Maxwell's equations, in the early 19th century, so there was no way to know.

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