Ciro Santilli @cirosantilli 35

Ciro Santilli's theory is that COVID is extremely effective at avoiding immune response. Then, in people where this is effective, things reach a point where there is so much virus, that the body notices and moves on to take a more drastic approach. This is compatible with the virus killing older people more, as they have weaker immunes systems. This is however incompatible with the fact that people don't seem to be contagious after the viral phase is over...

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Maxwell's equations imply that the speed of light is the same for all inertial reference frames by

Ciro Santilli 35  Updated 2025-01-03  +Created 1970-01-01

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Rickrolling by

Ciro Santilli 35  Updated 2025-01-03  +Created 1970-01-01

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Rickrolling lyrics were mined several times into the blockchain.

The first currently known instance is as a link right during the prayer wars on block 142573 (2011-08-25) as the miner message:

Militant atheists, bit.ly/naNhG2 -- happy now?"

which redirects to www.youtube.com/watch?v=mGDuExhS6Nw&blockchain

Around block block 246k (e.g. 27b7c526489dac8245747fa1c425a2e3eb07dea57b294eb4ae583fec9b859fcf, 2013-10-17) we note several transactions starting with a XML format <CG SZ="1156"><MG>... the first one being 0b4efe49ea1454020c4d51a163a93f726a20cd75ad50bb9ed0f4623c141a8008 As mentioned not very clearly at www.righto.com/2014/02/ascii-bernanke-wikileaks-photographs.html#ref12 the content of the first <MG><payload></MG> is a Base64 encoded string

Catagory: Poetry
Title: Never Gonna Give You Up
Performer: Rick Astley
Writer: Mike Stock, Matt Aitken, Pete Waterman
Label: RCA Records

followed by lyrics also base64 encoded as part of the XML metadata. Hidden surprises in the Bitcoin blockchain by Ken Shirriff (2014) was not able to identify the exact format either. At twitter.com/EMBII4U/status/1655831533750562816 EMBII mentions that this was part of an upload test.

tx d29c9c0e8e4d2a9790922af73f0b8d51f0bd4bb19940d9cf910ead8fbe85bc9b (2013-11-13) contains a plaintext Rickroll lyric in an output script via OP_RETURN.

tx 15b11e8d4e5b9425f024b381ba0cb7a54a35e52389bb4855f505772ce685b39c (2014-06-24): starting from this transaction, the lyrics were inscribed several times via input scripts. Then again:
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 (2015-09-30)

They were mega obnoxious!!! Who does this kind of crap for more than one year!!!

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503: Bitcoin over capacity by

Ciro Santilli 35  Updated 2025-01-03  +Created 1970-01-01

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Starting tx a87d406fae047258a12923b3c11a797a5765bd8f868df5c7e9b1cead0e92c9c1: the message:

503: Bitcoin over capacity!

appears about 13 thousand times. WTF happened?

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Conservation of the square amplitude in the Schrodinger equation by

Ciro Santilli 35  Updated 2025-01-03  +Created 1970-01-01

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Proof that the probability 1 is conserved by the time evolution:

It can be derived directly from the Schrödinger equation.

Bibliography:

quantummechanics.ucsd.edu/ph130a/130_notes/node127.html from quantum physics by Jim Branson (2003).
That proof also mentions that if the potential V is not real, then there is no conservation of probability! Therefore the potential must be real valued!

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Parasites tend to have smaller DNAs by

Ciro Santilli 35  Updated 2025-01-03  +Created 1970-01-01

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If you live in the relatively food abundant environment of another cell, then you don't have to be able to digest every single food source in existence, of defend against a wide range of predators.

So because DNA replication is a key limiting factor of bacterial replication time, you just reduce your genome to a minimum.

And likely you also want to be as small as possible to evade the host's immune system.

Power, Sex, Suicide by Nick Lane (2006) section "Gene loss as an evolutionary trajectory" puts it well:

One of the most extreme examples of gene loss is Rickettsia prowazekii, the cause of typhus. [...] Over evolutionary time Rickettsia has lost most of its genes, and now has a mere  protein-coding genes left. [...] Rickettsia is a tiny bacterium, almost as small as a virus, which lives as a parasite inside other cells. It is so well adapted to this lifestyle that it can no longer survive outside its host cells. [...] It was able to lose most of its genes in this way simply because they were not needed: life inside other cells, if you can survive there at all, is a spoonfed existence.

and also section "How to lose the cell wall without dying" page 184 has some related mentions:

While many types of bacteria do lose their cell wall during parts of their life cycle only two groups of prokaryotes have succeeded in losing their cell walls permanently, yet lived to tell the tale. It's interesting to consider the extenuating circumstances that permitted them to do so.
[...]
One group, the Mycoplasma, comprises mostly parasites, many of which live inside other cells. Mycoplasma cells are tiny, with very small genomes. M. genitalium, discovered in 1981, has the smallest known genome of any bacterial cell, encoding fewer than 500 genes. M. genitalium, discovered in 1981, has the smallest known genome of any bacterial cell, encoding fewer than 500 genes. [...] Like Rickettsia, Mycoplasma have lost virtually all the genes required for making nucleotides, amino acids, and so forth.

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Arecibo message by

Ciro Santilli 35  Updated 2025-01-03  +Created 1970-01-01

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Google Cloud Platform by

Ciro Santilli 35  Updated 2025-01-03  +Created 1970-01-01

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Clifford plus T by

Ciro Santilli 35  Updated 2025-01-03  +Created 1970-01-01

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Set of quantum logic gate composed of the Clifford gates plus the Toffoli gate. It forms a set of universal quantum gates.

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Ainan Celeste Cawley by

Ciro Santilli 35  Updated 2025-01-03  +Created 1970-01-01

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His father fought a lot with the stupid educational system to try and move his son to his full potential and move to more advanced subjects early.

A crime of society to try and prevent it. They actually moved the family from Singapore to Malaysia for a learning opportunity for the son. Amazing.

This is the perfect illustration of one of Ciro Santilli's most important complaints about the 2020 educational system:

and why Ciro created OurBigBook.com to try and help fix the issue.

Possible social media

www.instagram.com/ainancawley

Bibliography:

Video 1.

The Most Talented Children And Adults On The Planet by Our Life (2008)

Source. Has some good mentions of Ainan and others.

Video 2.

Ainan Cawley: Child prodigy (2013)

Source.

youtu.be/Ugi74cwPMSg?t=137 finding the right school

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CC BY-SA 4.0 by

Ciro Santilli 35  Updated 2025-01-03  +Created 1970-01-01

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Euler-Lagrange equation by

Ciro Santilli 35  Updated 2025-01-03  +Created 1970-01-01

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Let's start with the one dimensional case. Let the

q : R \to R

and a Functional

I

defined by a function of three variables

F : R^{3} \to R

I (q) = \int_{t_{0}}^{t} F (t, q (t), \overset{q}{˙} (t)) d t

(1)

Then, the Euler-Lagrange equation gives the maxima and minima of the that type of functional. Note that this type of functional is just one very specific type of functional amongst all possible functionals that one might come up with. However, it turns out to be enough to do most of physics, so we are happy with with it.

Given

F

, the Euler-Lagrange equations are a system of ordinary differential equations constructed from that

F

such that the solutions to that system are the maxima/minima.

In the one dimensional case, the system has a single ordinary differential equation:

\frac{\partial F ( t , q ( t ) , q ˙ ( t ) )}{\partial q} - \frac{d}{d t} \frac{\partial F ( t , q ( t ) , q ˙ ( t ) )}{\partial q ˙} = 0

(2)

\frac{\partial F}{\partial q}

and

\frac{\partial F}{\partial q ˙}

we simply mean "the partial derivative of

F

with respect to its second and third arguments". The notation is a bit confusing at first, but that's all it means.

Therefore, that expression ends up being at most a second order ordinary differential equation where

q

is the unknown, since:

the term $\frac{\partial F ( t , q ( t ) , q ˙ ( t ) )}{\partial q}$ is a function of $t, q (t), \overset{q}{˙} (t)$
the term $\frac{\partial F ( t , q ( t ) , q ˙ ( t ) )}{\partial q ˙}$ is a function of $t, q (t), \overset{q}{˙} (t)$ . And so it's derivative with respect to time will contain only up to $\overset{q}{¨}$

Now let's think about the multi-dimensional case. Instead of having

q : R \to R

, we now have

q : R \to R^{n}

. Think about the Lagrangian mechanics motivation of a double pendulum where for a given time we have two angles.

Let's do the 2-dimensional case then. In that case,

F

is going to be a function of 5 variables

F : R^{5} \to R

rather than 3 as in the one dimensional case, and the functional looks like:

I (q) = \int_{t_{0}}^{t} F (t, q_{1} (t), q_{2} (t), \overset{q_{1}}{˙} (t), \overset{q_{2}}{˙}) (t) d t

(3)

This time, the Euler-Lagrange equations are going to be a system of two ordinary differential equations on two unknown functions

q_{1}

and

q_{2}

of order up to 2 in both variables:

\frac{\partial F ( t , q _{1} ( t ) , q _{2} ( t ) , q _{1} ˙ ( t ) , q _{2} ˙ ( t ) )}{\partial q _{1}} - \frac{d}{d t} \frac{\partial F ( t , q _{1} ( t ) , q _{2} ( t ) , q _{1} ˙ ( t ) , q _{2} ˙ ( t )}{\partial q _{1} ˙} = 0 \frac{\partial F ( t , q _{1} ( t ) , q _{2} ( t ) , q _{1} ˙ ( t ) , q _{2} ˙ ( t ) )}{\partial q _{2}} - \frac{d}{d t} \frac{\partial F ( t , q _{1} ( t ) , q _{2} ( t ) , q _{1} ˙ ( t ) , q _{2} ˙ ( t )}{\partial q _{2} ˙} = 0

(4)

At this point, notation is getting a bit clunky, so people will often condense the

q_{i}

vector

\frac{\partial F ( t , q ( t ) , q ˙ ( t ) )}{\partial q _{1}} - \frac{d}{d t} \frac{\partial F ( t , q ( t ) , q ˙ ( t ) )}{\partial q _{1} ˙} = 0 \frac{\partial F ( t , q ( t ) , q ˙ ( t ) )}{\partial q _{2}} - \frac{d}{d t} \frac{\partial F ( t , q ( t ) , q ˙ ( t ) )}{\partial q _{2} ˙} = 0

(5)

or just omit the arguments of

F

entirely:

\frac{\partial F}{\partial q _{i}} - \frac{d}{d t} \frac{\partial F}{\partial q _{i} ˙} = 0

(6)

Video 1.

Calculus of Variations ft. Flammable Maths by vcubingx (2020)

Source.

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Ultraviolet catastrophe by

Ciro Santilli 35  Updated 2025-01-03  +Created 1970-01-01

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Video 1.

What is the Ultraviolet Catastrophe? by Physics Explained (2020)

Source.

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Big O notation by

Ciro Santilli 35  Updated 2025-01-03  +Created 1970-01-01

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Module bound above, possibly multiplied by a constant:

f (x) = O (g (x))

(1)

is defined as:

\exists M > 0 \exists x_{0} \forall x > x_{0} : ∣ f (x) ∣ \leq M g (x)

(2)

E.g.:

$\forall c \in R x + c = O (x)$ . For $c < 0$ , $M = 1$ is enough. Otherwise, any $M > 1$ will do, the bottom line will always catch up to the top one eventually.

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Positive-strand RNA virus by

Ciro Santilli 35  Updated 2025-01-03  +Created 1970-01-01

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It just has RNA that can be transcribed directly by the host ribosome.

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Arm product by

Ciro Santilli 35  Updated 2025-01-03  +Created 1970-01-01

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Warm-blooded by

Ciro Santilli 35  Updated 2025-01-03  +Created 1970-01-01

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