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Cryptocurrency swapper by Ciro Santilli 37 Updated 2025-07-16
A "Cryptocurrency swapper" is a service that swaps one type of cryptocurrency for another.
It is basically the same as buying and selling from exchanges for fiat, except that you only get fiat.
Swappers are in general able to receive send coins from any address, including self custody addresses.
Centralized swappers were a good way to workaround the endless Monero bans from exchanges circa 2024, e.g. x.com/cirosantilli/status/1771900725649371240 as they effectively serve as proxies for exchanges that are still legal in other countries.
They will eventually have to ban Monero of course, and then the only way left will be decentralized exchanges.
This leads to a scenario where the only effective way to ban Monero is to also ban all other cryptocurrencies. The question is if countries will go that far or not.
React function components do produce shorter code. But they are also impossible to understand without knowing what is their corresponding class component.
Hooks were introduced much after classes, and just require less code, so everyone is using them now instead of classes.
Dummy example of using a React ref This example is useless and to the end user seems functionally equivalent to react/hello.html.
It does however serve as a good example of what react does that is useful: it provides a "clear" separation between state and render code (which becomes once again much less clear in React function components.
Notably, this example is insane because at:
<button onClick={() => {
  elem.innerHTML = (parseInt(elem.innerHTML) + 1).toString()
we are extracing state from some random HTML string rather than having a clean JavaScript variable containing that value.
In this case we managed to get away with it, but this is in general not easy/possible.
  • reconstruction/ecoli/flat/condition/nutrient/minimal.tsv contains the nutrients in a minimal environment in which the cell survives:
    "molecule id" "lower bound (units.mmol / units.g / units.h)" "upper bound (units.mmol / units.g / units.h)"
    "ADP[c]" 3.15 3.15
    "PI[c]" 3.15 3.15
    "PROTON[c]" 3.15 3.15
    "GLC[p]" NaN 20
    "OXYGEN-MOLECULE[p]" NaN NaN
    "AMMONIUM[c]" NaN NaN
    "PI[p]" NaN NaN
    "K+[p]" NaN NaN
    "SULFATE[p]" NaN NaN
    "FE+2[p]" NaN NaN
    "CA+2[p]" NaN NaN
    "CL-[p]" NaN NaN
    "CO+2[p]" NaN NaN
    "MG+2[p]" NaN NaN
    "MN+2[p]" NaN NaN
    "NI+2[p]" NaN NaN
    "ZN+2[p]" NaN NaN
    "WATER[p]" NaN NaN
    "CARBON-DIOXIDE[p]" NaN NaN
    "CPD0-1958[p]" NaN NaN
    "L-SELENOCYSTEINE[c]" NaN NaN
    "GLC-D-LACTONE[c]" NaN NaN
    "CYTOSINE[c]" NaN NaN
    If we compare that to reconstruction/ecoli/flat/condition/nutrient/minimal_plus_amino_acids.tsv, we see that it adds the 20 amino acids on top of the minimal condition:
    "L-ALPHA-ALANINE[p]" NaN NaN
    "ARG[p]" NaN NaN
    "ASN[p]" NaN NaN
    "L-ASPARTATE[p]" NaN NaN
    "CYS[p]" NaN NaN
    "GLT[p]" NaN NaN
    "GLN[p]" NaN NaN
    "GLY[p]" NaN NaN
    "HIS[p]" NaN NaN
    "ILE[p]" NaN NaN
    "LEU[p]" NaN NaN
    "LYS[p]" NaN NaN
    "MET[p]" NaN NaN
    "PHE[p]" NaN NaN
    "PRO[p]" NaN NaN
    "SER[p]" NaN NaN
    "THR[p]" NaN NaN
    "TRP[p]" NaN NaN
    "TYR[p]" NaN NaN
    "L-SELENOCYSTEINE[c]" NaN NaN
    "VAL[p]" NaN NaN
    so we guess that NaN in the upper mound likely means infinite.
    We can try to understand the less obvious ones:
    • ADP: TODO
    • PI: TODO
    • PROTON[c]: presumably a measure of pH
    • GLC[p]: glucose, this can be seen by comparing minimal.tsv with minimal_no_glucose.tsv
    • AMMONIUM: ammonium. This appears to be the primary source of nitrogen atoms for producing amino acids.
    • CYTOSINE[c]: hmmm, why is external cytosine needed? Weird.
  • reconstruction/ecoli/flat/reconstruction/ecoli/flat/condition/timeseries/ contains sequences of conditions for each time. For example:
    • reconstruction/ecoli/flat/reconstruction/ecoli/flat/condition/timeseries/000000_basal.tsv contains:
      "time (units.s)" "nutrients"
      0 "minimal"
      which means just using reconstruction/ecoli/flat/condition/nutrient/minimal.tsv until infinity. That is the default one used by runSim.py, as can be seen from ./out/manual/wildtype_000000/000000/generation_000000/000000/simOut/Environment/attributes/nutrientTimeSeriesLabel which contains just 000000_basal.
    • reconstruction/ecoli/flat/reconstruction/ecoli/flat/condition/timeseries/000001_cut_glucose.tsv is more interesting and contains:
      "time (units.s)" "nutrients"
      0 "minimal"
      1200 "minimal_no_glucose"
      so we see that this will shift the conditions half-way to a condition that will eventually kill the bacteria because it will run out of glucose and thus energy!
    Timeseries can be selected with --variant nutrientTimeSeries X Y, see also: run variants.
    We can use that variant with:
    VARIANT="condition" FIRST_VARIANT_INDEX=1 LAST_VARIANT_INDEX=1 python runscripts/manual/runSim.py
  • reconstruction/ecoli/flat/condition/condition_defs.tsv contains lines of form:
    "condition" "nutrients"                "genotype perturbations" "doubling time (units.min)" "active TFs"
    "basal"     "minimal"                  {}                       44.0                        []
    "no_oxygen" "minimal_minus_oxygen"     {}                       100.0                       []
    "with_aa"   "minimal_plus_amino_acids" {}                       25.0                        ["CPLX-125", "MONOMER0-162", "CPLX0-7671", "CPLX0-228", "MONOMER0-155"]
    • condition refers to entries in reconstruction/ecoli/flat/condition/condition_defs.tsv
    • nutrients refers to entries under reconstruction/ecoli/flat/condition/nutrient/, e.g. reconstruction/ecoli/flat/condition/nutrient/minimal.tsv or reconstruction/ecoli/flat/condition/nutrient/minimal_plus_amino_acids.tsv
    • genotype perturbations: there aren't any in the file, but this suggests that genotype modifications can also be incorporated here
    • doubling time: TODO experimental data? Because this should be a simulation output, right? Or do they cheat and fix doubling by time?
    • active TFs: this suggests that they are cheating transcription factors here, as those would ideally be functions of other more basic inputs
Markus W. Covert by Ciro Santilli 37 Updated 2025-07-16
Ciro Santilli really likes this dude, because Ciro really likes simulation.
Video 1.
How to build a computer model of a cell by Markus Covert (2020)
Source.
Carl Zeiss SMT by Ciro Santilli 37 Updated 2025-07-16
Subsidiary of Carl Zeiss AG and also part owned by ASML, sole optics vendor of ASML as of 2020.

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