The first chapter of the New Testament.
Now that we've done one section manually, let's graduate and use the
readelf -S
of the other sections: [Nr] Name Type Address Offset
Size EntSize Flags Link Info Align
[ 2] .text PROGBITS 0000000000000000 00000210
0000000000000027 0000000000000000 AX 0 0 16
.text
is executable but not writable: if we try to write to it Linux segfaults. Let's see if we really have some code there:objdump -d hello_world.o
hello_world.o: file format elf64-x86-64
Disassembly of section .text:
0000000000000000 <_start>:
0: b8 01 00 00 00 mov $0x1,%eax
5: bf 01 00 00 00 mov $0x1,%edi
a: 48 be 00 00 00 00 00 movabs $0x0,%rsi
11: 00 00 00
14: ba 0d 00 00 00 mov $0xd,%edx
19: 0f 05 syscall
1b: b8 3c 00 00 00 mov $0x3c,%eax
20: bf 00 00 00 00 mov $0x0,%edi
25: 0f 05 syscall
If we grep
b8 01 00 00
on the hd
, we see that this only occurs at 00000210
, which is what the section says. And the Size is 27, which matches as well. So we must be talking about the right section.This looks like the right code: a
write
followed by an exit
.The most interesting part is line to pass the address of the string to the system call. Currently, the This modification is possible because of the data of the
a
which does:movabs $0x0,%rsi
0x0
is just a placeholder. After linking happens, it will be modified to contain:4000ba: 48 be d8 00 60 00 00 movabs $0x6000d8,%rsi
.rela.text
section.This program did not have certain dynamic linking related sections because we linked it minimally with
ld
.However, if you compile a C hello world with GCC 8.2:
gcc -o main.out main.c
some other interesting sections would appear.
Why do the electron and the proton have the same charge except for the opposite signs? by Ciro Santilli 34 Updated 2024-12-15 +Created 1970-01-01
Given the view of the Standard Model where the electron and quarks are just completely separate matter fields, there is at first sight no clear theoretical requirement for that.
As mentioned e.g. at QED and the men who made it: Dyson, Feynman, Schwinger, and Tomonaga by Silvan Schweber (1994) chapter 1.6 "Hole theory", Dirac initially wanted to think of the holes in his hole theory as the protons, as a way to not have to postulate a new particle, the positron, and as a way to "explain" the proton in similar terms. Others however soon proposed arguments why the positron would need to have the same mass, and this idea had to be discarded.
Notably used for communication with submarines, so in particular crucial as part of sending an attack signal to that branch of the nuclear triad.
The key model database is located in the source code at
reconstruction/ecoli/flat
.Let's try to understand some interesting looking, with a special focus on our understanding of the tiny E. Coli K-12 MG1655 operon thrLABC part of the metabolism, which we have well understood at Section "E. Coli K-12 MG1655 operon thrLABC".
We'll realize that a lot of data and IDs come from/match BioCyc quite closely.
reconstruction/ecoli/flat/compartments.tsv
contains cellular compartment information:"abbrev" "id" "n" "CCO-BAC-NUCLEOID" "j" "CCO-CELL-PROJECTION" "w" "CCO-CW-BAC-NEG" "c" "CCO-CYTOSOL" "e" "CCO-EXTRACELLULAR" "m" "CCO-MEMBRANE" "o" "CCO-OUTER-MEM" "p" "CCO-PERI-BAC" "l" "CCO-PILUS" "i" "CCO-PM-BAC-NEG"
CCO
: "Celular COmpartment"BAC-NUCLEOID
: nucleoidCELL-PROJECTION
: cell projectionCW-BAC-NEG
: TODO confirm: cell wall (of a Gram-negative bacteria)CYTOSOL
: cytosolEXTRACELLULAR
: outside the cellMEMBRANE
: cell membraneOUTER-MEM
: bacterial outer membranePERI-BAC
: periplasmPILUS
: pilusPM-BAC-NEG
: TODO: plasma membrane, but that is the same as cell membrane no?
reconstruction/ecoli/flat/promoters.tsv
contains promoter information. Simple file, sample lines:corresponds to E. Coli K-12 MG1655 promoter thrLp, which starts as position 148."position" "direction" "id" "name" 148 "+" "PM00249" "thrLp"
reconstruction/ecoli/flat/proteins.tsv
contains protein information. Sample line corresponding to e. Coli K-12 MG1655 gene thrA:so we understand that:"aaCount" "name" "seq" "comments" "codingRnaSeq" "mw" "location" "rnaId" "id" "geneId" [91, 46, 38, 44, 12, 53, 30, 63, 14, 46, 89, 34, 23, 30, 29, 51, 34, 4, 20, 0, 69] "ThrA" "MRVL..." "Location information from Ecocyc dump." "AUGCGAGUGUUG..." [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 89103.51099999998, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0] ["c"] "EG10998_RNA" "ASPKINIHOMOSERDEHYDROGI-MONOMER" "EG10998"
aaCount
: amino acid count, how many of each of the 20 proteinogenic amino acid are thereseq
: full sequence, using the single letter abbreviation of the proteinogenic amino acidsmw
; molecular weight? The 11 components appear to be given atreconstruction/ecoli/flat/scripts/unifyBulkFiles.py
:so they simply classify the weight? Presumably this exists for complexes that have multiple classes?molecular_weight_keys = [ '23srRNA', '16srRNA', '5srRNA', 'tRNA', 'mRNA', 'miscRNA', 'protein', 'metabolite', 'water', 'DNA', 'RNA' # nonspecific RNA ]
23srRNA
,16srRNA
,5srRNA
are the three structural RNAs present in the ribosome: 23S ribosomal RNA, 16S ribosomal RNA, 5S ribosomal RNA, all others are obvious:- tRNA
- mRNA
- protein. This is the seventh class, and this enzyme only contains mass in this class as expected.
- metabolite
- water
- DNA
- RNA: TODO
rna
vsmiscRNA
location
: cell compartment where the protein is present,c
defined atreconstruction/ecoli/flat/compartments.tsv
as cytoplasm, as expected for something that will make an amino acid
reconstruction/ecoli/flat/rnas.tsv
: TODO vstranscriptionUnits.tsv
. Sample lines:"halfLife" "name" "seq" "type" "modifiedForms" "monomerId" "comments" "mw" "location" "ntCount" "id" "geneId" "microarray expression" 174.0 "ThrA [RNA]" "AUGCGAGUGUUG..." "mRNA" [] "ASPKINIHOMOSERDEHYDROGI-MONOMER" "" [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 790935.00399999996, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0] ["c"] [553, 615, 692, 603] "EG10998_RNA" "EG10998" 0.0005264904
halfLife
: half-lifemw
: molecular weight, same as inreconstruction/ecoli/flat/proteins.tsv
. This molecule only have weight in themRNA
class, as expected, as it just codes for a proteinlocation
: same as inreconstruction/ecoli/flat/proteins.tsv
ntCount
: nucleotide count for each of the ATGCmicroarray expression
: presumably refers to DNA microarray for gene expression profiling, but what measure exactly?
reconstruction/ecoli/flat/sequence.fasta
: FASTA DNA sequence, first two lines:>E. coli K-12 MG1655 U00096.2 (1 to 4639675 = 4639675 bp) AGCTTTTCATTCTGACTGCAACGGGCAATATGTCTCTGTGTGGATTAAAAAAAGAGTGTCTGATAGCAGCTTCTG
reconstruction/ecoli/flat/transcriptionUnits.tsv
: transcription units. We can observe for example the two different transcription units of the E. Coli K-12 MG1655 operon thrLABC in the lines:"expression_rate" "direction" "right" "terminator_id" "name" "promoter_id" "degradation_rate" "id" "gene_id" "left" 0.0 "f" 310 ["TERM0-1059"] "thrL" "PM00249" 0.198905992329492 "TU0-42486" ["EG11277"] 148 657.057317358791 "f" 5022 ["TERM_WC-2174"] "thrLABC" "PM00249" 0.231049060186648 "TU00178" ["EG10998", "EG10999", "EG11000", "EG11277"] 148
promoter_id
: matches promoter id inreconstruction/ecoli/flat/promoters.tsv
gene_id
: matches id inreconstruction/ecoli/flat/genes.tsv
id
: matches exactly those used in BioCyc, which is quite nice, might be more or less standardized:
reconstruction/ecoli/flat/genes.tsv
"length" "name" "seq" "rnaId" "coordinate" "direction" "symbol" "type" "id" "monomerId" 66 "thr operon leader peptide" "ATGAAACGCATT..." "EG11277_RNA" 189 "+" "thrL" "mRNA" "EG11277" "EG11277-MONOMER" 2463 "ThrA" "ATGCGAGTGTTG" "EG10998_RNA" 336 "+" "thrA" "mRNA" "EG10998" "ASPKINIHOMOSERDEHYDROGI-MONOMER"
reconstruction/ecoli/flat/metabolites.tsv
contains metabolite information. Sample lines:In the case of the enzyme thrA, one of the two reactions it catalyzes is "L-aspartate 4-semialdehyde" into "Homoserine"."id" "mw7.2" "location" "HOMO-SER" 119.12 ["n", "j", "w", "c", "e", "m", "o", "p", "l", "i"] "L-ASPARTATE-SEMIALDEHYDE" 117.104 ["n", "j", "w", "c", "e", "m", "o", "p", "l", "i"]
Starting from the enzyme page: biocyc.org/gene?orgid=ECOLI&id=EG10998 we reach the reaction page: biocyc.org/ECOLI/NEW-IMAGE?type=REACTION&object=HOMOSERDEHYDROG-RXN which has reaction IDHOMOSERDEHYDROG-RXN
, and that page which clarifies the IDs:so these are the compounds that we care about.- biocyc.org/compound?orgid=ECOLI&id=L-ASPARTATE-SEMIALDEHYDE: "L-aspartate 4-semialdehyde" has ID
L-ASPARTATE-SEMIALDEHYDE
- biocyc.org/compound?orgid=ECOLI&id=HOMO-SER: "Homoserine" has ID
HOMO-SER
- biocyc.org/compound?orgid=ECOLI&id=L-ASPARTATE-SEMIALDEHYDE: "L-aspartate 4-semialdehyde" has ID
reconstruction/ecoli/flat/reactions.tsv
contains chemical reaction information. Sample lines:"reaction id" "stoichiometry" "is reversible" "catalyzed by" "HOMOSERDEHYDROG-RXN-HOMO-SER/NAD//L-ASPARTATE-SEMIALDEHYDE/NADH/PROTON.51." {"NADH[c]": -1, "PROTON[c]": -1, "HOMO-SER[c]": 1, "L-ASPARTATE-SEMIALDEHYDE[c]": -1, "NAD[c]": 1} false ["ASPKINIIHOMOSERDEHYDROGII-CPLX", "ASPKINIHOMOSERDEHYDROGI-CPLX"] "HOMOSERDEHYDROG-RXN-HOMO-SER/NADP//L-ASPARTATE-SEMIALDEHYDE/NADPH/PROTON.53." {"NADPH[c]": -1, "NADP[c]": 1, "PROTON[c]": -1, "L-ASPARTATE-SEMIALDEHYDE[c]": -1, "HOMO-SER[c]": 1 false ["ASPKINIIHOMOSERDEHYDROGII-CPLX", "ASPKINIHOMOSERDEHYDROGI-CPLX"]
catalized by
: here we seeASPKINIHOMOSERDEHYDROGI-CPLX
, which we can guess is a protein complex made out ofASPKINIHOMOSERDEHYDROGI-MONOMER
, which is the ID for thethrA
we care about! This is confirmed incomplexationReactions.tsv
.
reconstruction/ecoli/flat/complexationReactions.tsv
contains information about chemical reactions that produce protein complexes:The"process" "stoichiometry" "id" "dir" "complexation" [ { "molecule": "ASPKINIHOMOSERDEHYDROGI-CPLX", "coeff": 1, "type": "proteincomplex", "location": "c", "form": "mature" }, { "molecule": "ASPKINIHOMOSERDEHYDROGI-MONOMER", "coeff": -4, "type": "proteinmonomer", "location": "c", "form": "mature" } ] "ASPKINIHOMOSERDEHYDROGI-CPLX_RXN" 1
coeff
is how many monomers need to get together for form the final complex. This can be seen from the Summary section of ecocyc.org/gene?orgid=ECOLI&id=ASPKINIHOMOSERDEHYDROGI-MONOMER:Fantastic literature summary! Can't find that in database form there however.Aspartate kinase I / homoserine dehydrogenase I comprises a dimer of ThrA dimers. Although the dimeric form is catalytically active, the binding equilibrium dramatically favors the tetrameric form. The aspartate kinase and homoserine dehydrogenase activities of each ThrA monomer are catalyzed by independent domains connected by a linker region.
reconstruction/ecoli/flat/proteinComplexes.tsv
contains protein complex information:"name" "comments" "mw" "location" "reactionId" "id" "aspartate kinase / homoserine dehydrogenase" "" [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 356414.04399999994, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0] ["c"] "ASPKINIHOMOSERDEHYDROGI-CPLX_RXN" "ASPKINIHOMOSERDEHYDROGI-CPLX"
reconstruction/ecoli/flat/protein_half_lives.tsv
contains the half-life of proteins. Very few proteins are listed however for some reason.reconstruction/ecoli/flat/tfIds.csv
: transcription factors information:"TF" "geneId" "oneComponentId" "twoComponentId" "nonMetaboliteBindingId" "activeId" "notes" "arcA" "EG10061" "PHOSPHO-ARCA" "PHOSPHO-ARCA" "fnr" "EG10325" "FNR-4FE-4S-CPLX" "FNR-4FE-4S-CPLX" "dksA" "EG10230"
These are of course likely all made by AtomSea & EMBII themselves while developing/testing their upload system.
They are also artsy peoeple themselves, and as pointed at twitter.com/AllenVandever/status/1563964396656812034 what they were doing was basicaly non-fungible token art, which became much much more popular a few years later around 2021.
The first upload that we could find at github.com/cirosantilli/bitcoin-inscription-indexer/tree/3f53e152ec9bb0d070dbcb8f9249d92f89effa70#atomsea-index was tx 44e80475dc363de2c7ee17b286f8cd49eb146165a79968a62c1c2c4cf80772c9 on block 272573 (2013-12-01) but it does not show on Bitfossil: bitfossil.org/44e80475dc363de2c7ee17b286f8cd49eb146165a79968a62c1c2c4cf80772c9/. This is was due to an upload bug explained by the following entry. By looking at the ASCII data at github.com/cirosantilli/bitcoin-inscription-indexer/blob/master/data/out/0272.txt#L449 that this is meant to contain the same content as the following message: a quote from the Bhagavad Gita, so this is definitely a bugged version of the following one.
The next one is bitfossil.org/c9d1363ea517cd463950f83168ce8242ef917d99cd6518995bd1af927d335828/ on block 272577 (2013-12-02). It actually shows on bifossil and it reads:followed by:The bug message is definitely a reference to the previous non-visible bugged upload bitfossil.org/4b72a223007eab8a951d43edc171befeabc7b5dca4213770c88e09ba5b936e17/, TODO understand exactly how they fucked up. This illustrates the beauty of the blockchain very well: unlike with version control, you don't just see selected snapshots: you see actual debug logs!!!
I WONDER WHAT HISTORY WILL THINK ABOUT THESE FIRST FEW BUGS...HA HA HA. NOBODY IS PERFECT.
He who regards
With an eye that is equal
Friends and comrades,
The foe and the kinsman,
The vile, the wicked,
The men who judge him,
And those who belong
To neither faction:
He is the greatest.
And then finally we meet Chiharu, EMBII's partner, with her hair painted blond (she's Japanese): ILoveYouMore.jpg.
Then there are two undecoded ones TODO investigate:
Then Nelson-Mandela.jpg.
Then there's an approximation of pi as ASCII decimal fraction bitfossil.org/70fd289901bae0409f27237506c330588d917716944c6359a8711b0ad6b4ce76/ from block 273522 (2013-12-07):
3.1415926535897932384626433832795028841971693993751058209749445923078164062862089986280348253421170679821480865132823066470938446095505822317253594081284811174502841027019385211055596446229489549303819644288109756659334461284756482337867831652712019091456485669234603486104543266482133936072602491412737245870066063155881748815209209628292540917153643678925903600113305305488204665213841469519415116094330572703657595919530921861173819326117931051185480744623799627495673518857527248912279381830119491298336733624406566430860213949463952247371907021798609437027705392171762931767523846748184676694051320005681271452635608277857713427577896091736371787214684409012249534301465495853710507922796892589235420199561121290219608640344181598136297747713099605187072113499999983729780499510597317328160963185950244594553469083026425223082533446850352619311881710100031378387528865875332083814206171776691473035982534904287554687311595628638823537875937519577818577805321712268066130019278766111959092164201989
tx b8b9f50a354166c46b69ecd47a0fbd20ee78c3471d2557bf275aff1b4cf4752d (2013-12-07) contains Where the Sidewalk Ends by Shel Silverstein. TODO find on bitfossil.org, toplevel, tx seemed like a likely toplevel, but not working: bitfossil.org/b8b9f50a354166c46b69ecd47a0fbd20ee78c3471d2557bf275aff1b4cf4752d
There is a place where the sidewalk ends
And before the street begins,
And there the grass grows soft and white,
And there the sun burns crimson bright,
And there the moon-bird rests from his flight
To cool in the peppermint wind.Let us leave this place where the smoke blows black
And the dark street winds and bends.
Past the pits where the asphalt flowers grow
We shall walk with a walk that is measured and slow,
And watch where the chalk-white arrowls go
To the place where the sidewalk ends.Yes we'll walk with a walk that is measured and slow,
And we'll go where the chalk-white arrows go,
For the children, they mark, and the children, they know
The place where the sidewalk ends.
tx 56768b30dec33bd284223d85c23087975e2360b3391d20d505aa59a5675e5379 (2013-12-13) TODO find on bitfossil.org has the cutest message:
Dear Aliens,Hey.Sincerely,
EMBII & AtomSeaMBII
tx 415c702759893c63b3a57a7d196b014e51b2a33d2396c74b8e71acfaff6b9360 (2013-12-14) contains a poem by 13th century Persian poet Rumi (TODO find bitfossil.org toplevel), starting with:Reproduced e.g. at: www.abuddhistlibrary.com/Buddhism/H%20-%20World%20Religions%20and%20Poetry/World%20Religions/Islam/Teachers/Rumi/My%20dear%20friend/Rumi%20-%20my%20dear%20friend.htm
My dear friend
never lose hope
when the Beloved
sends you away.
bitfossil.org/73ca50321147bac9010bec43d63f7f76857fe9ede240cc89710e28723fdb242f/ (2013-12-14) has message:and links to 3 .txt files
MULTIFILE SUPPORT TEST
1.txt
, 2.txt
, 3.txt
containing single characters 1
, 2
, and 3
.Similar to a college, but led by religious denomination leaders rather than fellows.
Classification of 5-transitive groups by Ciro Santilli 34 Updated 2024-12-15 +Created 1970-01-01
Apparently only Mathieu group and Mathieu group .
www.maths.qmul.ac.uk/~pjc/pps/pps9.pdf mentions:Hmm, is that 54, or more likely 5 and 4?
The automorphism group of the extended Golay code is the 54-transitive Mathieu group . This is one of only two finite 5-transitive groups other than symmetric and alternating groups
scite.ai/reports/4-homogeneous-groups-EAKY21 quotes link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF01111290 which suggests that is is also another one of the Mathieu groups, math.stackexchange.com/questions/698327/classification-of-triply-transitive-finite-groups#comment7650505_3721840 and en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathieu_group_M12 mentions .
There are unlisted articles, also show them or only show them.