Mathematics by period

Mathematics has evolved through various historical periods, each characterized by different developments, techniques, and areas of focus. Here's a brief overview of key periods in the history of mathematics: ### 1. **Ancient Mathematics (c. 3000 BC - 500 AD)** - **Civilizations:** Early contributions from the Egyptians (geometry and basic arithmetic), Babylonians (base-60 system), and Greeks (geometry and formal proofs).

The 19th century was a pivotal period in the development of mathematics, characterized by significant advances in various fields. Here are some notable contributions and developments from that era: 1. **Foundations of Modern Mathematics**: The 19th century saw efforts to establish a more rigorous foundation for mathematics. Key figures included: - **Georg Cantor**, who developed set theory and introduced concepts like cardinality and ordinality.

In the context of mathematics, "1880s" typically refers to the period of the 1880s, when several significant developments and contributions were made in various fields of mathematics. This decade witnessed important advances in areas such as: 1. **Set Theory**: Georg Cantor further developed set theory, introducing concepts such as cardinality and different sizes of infinity, which laid the foundations for much of modern mathematics.

In mathematics, the number 1885 can be explored in various ways: 1. **Basic Properties**: - 1885 is an odd number. - It is a composite number, meaning it has factors other than 1 and itself. 2. **Prime Factorization**: - The prime factorization of 1885 is \( 5 \times 13 \times 29 \).

The 20th century was a transformative period for mathematics, characterized by significant developments across various fields, including pure and applied mathematics. Here are some key highlights: 1. **Foundations and Logic**: The early 20th century saw a focus on the foundations of mathematics, particularly through the work of mathematicians like David Hilbert, Kurt Gödel, and Bertrand Russell.

The term "1930s in mathematics" refers to a period during which significant developments and discoveries were made across various fields of mathematics. Here are some notable areas and developments from that decade: 1. **Set Theory**: The 1930s saw the establishment of formal set theory and the development of related foundational issues, particularly in response to paradoxes such as Russell's Paradox.

In mathematics, 1937 is simply an integer and can be analyzed in various numerical contexts. Here are some interesting properties and categorizations of the number 1937: 1. **Prime Number**: 1937 is a prime number, which means it is greater than 1 and has no positive divisors other than 1 and itself. 2. **Odd Number**: Since 1937 is not divisible by 2, it is classified as an odd number.

Mathematics in Nazi Germany had a complex history influenced by the broader socio-political context of the time. Here are some key points to consider: 1. **Academic Environment**: The Nazi regime promoted a nationalist and racial ideology that permeated all areas of scholarship, including mathematics. While mathematical research itself was often untouched by overt political interference, the broader academic environment became increasingly hostile to non-Aryan scholars, particularly Jewish mathematicians.

In mathematics, the term "1950s" usually refers to the decade that brought significant developments and progress across various fields of mathematical research and education. During the 1950s: 1. **Set Theory and Logic**: The foundations of set theory, particularly as developed by mathematicians like Paul Cohen and others, were expanded. Cohen's work on the independence of the continuum hypothesis would come later, but the foundational ideas were being explored.

In mathematics, the number 1955 can be analyzed in various ways depending on the context. Here are a few perspectives: 1. **Basic Properties**: - It is an odd number. - It is a composite number, meaning it has divisors other than 1 and itself. 2. **Prime Factorization**: - The prime factorization of 1955 is \( 5 \times 391 \).

In mathematics, "1970s" does not refer to a specific mathematical concept or term. However, it can refer to the decade itself and the developments and contributions in mathematics during that period. The 1970s were notable for several advancements in various fields of mathematics, including: 1. **Computer Science and Algorithms**: The development of algorithms and theories surrounding computational complexity, including the introduction of concepts like NP-completeness by Stephen Cook.

In mathematics, 1974 can be considered in various contexts: 1. **Number Properties**: It is an integer, specifically an even number. It can be factored into prime numbers: \(1974 = 2 \times 3 \times 7 \times 47\). 2. **Roman Numerals**: The year 1974 can be expressed in Roman numerals as MCMLXXIV.

In mathematics, "1990s" often refers to the decade that spans from 1990 to 1999. This does not have a specific mathematical meaning, but the 1990s were notable for several developments in various fields of mathematics. During this decade, significant progress was made in areas such as: 1. **Computer Science and Mathematics**: The rise of computational mathematics and numerical methods became more prominent, with advancements in algorithms, complexity theory, and optimization.

In mathematics, the number 1995 can be analyzed in various contexts. Here are a few mathematical properties and representations of the number: 1. **Integer**: 1995 is an integer and it is a whole number. 2. **Odd Number**: It is an odd number because it is not divisible by 2.

The American Institute of Mathematics (AIM) is a non-profit organization founded in 1994 and based in the United States. It is dedicated to advancing mathematical research and education, fostering collaboration among mathematicians, and providing resources for mathematical research. AIM's activities include organizing workshops, conferences, and research programs that encourage collaboration on specific topics in mathematics. AIM also seeks to promote the development of infrastructure for mathematical research and education, enhance public understanding of mathematics, and support educational initiatives.

The 20th century was a prolific period for mathematics, marked by significant advancements and the contributions of numerous influential mathematicians. Here are some key figures and developments from that era: 1. **David Hilbert**: Known for his work in various fields including algebra, number theory, and mathematical logic, Hilbert is famous for his formulation of Hilbert's problems in 1900, which set the agenda for much of 20th-century mathematics.

The 20th century was a pivotal time for women in mathematics, as more institutions began to value women's contributions, and many women mathematicians made significant advancements in various fields. While historically, the field of mathematics was male-dominated, numerous women broke barriers and achieved recognition for their work.

Chloé Frammery is not a widely recognized public figure or term based on the information available up to October 2023. It's possible that she could be a private individual, a professional in a specific field, or a fictional character.

Maria Assumpció Català i Poch is a prominent figure known primarily in the fields of education and research in Catalonia, Spain. While specific details about her contributions can vary, she is associated with advancements in educational methodologies, possibly focusing on areas such as language education, curriculum development, or pedagogical strategies.

The term "21st century in mathematics" can refer to several aspects of mathematics as it has evolved and been practiced since the year 2000. Here are a few key points that characterize mathematics in the 21st century: 1. **Interdisciplinary Connections**: Mathematics is increasingly applied to a wide range of fields including biology, economics, computer science, engineering, and social sciences. This interdisciplinary approach enhances the relevance and application of mathematical concepts.

In mathematics, "2000s" typically refers to the decade from the year 2000 to 2009. However, the term could also be associated with various mathematical concepts or contexts depending on what you are focusing on. Here are a few examples: 1. **Mathematical Developments**: This period saw many advancements in fields like computer science, statistics, and applied mathematics, including the rise of data science and machine learning.

The history of mathematics is rich and varied, with many notable mathematicians emerging in each century. Below is a list of some significant mathematicians categorized by century: ### Ancient Times - **Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia (circa 3000 BCE - 500 BCE)**: Early mathematicians worked on basic arithmetic, geometry, and astronomy; notable contributions came from civilizations like Babylon and Egypt.

The 10th century was a period rich in mathematical progress, particularly in the Islamic world, where scholars were translating and building upon the works of earlier Greek, Indian, and Persian mathematicians.

Abbo of Fleury (also known as Abbo of Fleury-sur-Loire) was a Benedictine monk and scholar who lived during the late 10th and early 11th centuries. He is best known for his writings, which include historical works and hagiographies (biographies of saints). Abbo was a significant figure in the monastic revival during this period, particularly at the Abbey of Fleury, located in present-day France.

Abu'l-Hasan al-Uqlidisi was a notable medieval Arab mathematician and astronomer, active during the 10th century. He is best known for his work in the field of mathematics, particularly in the area of arithmetic. Al-Uqlidisi is often associated with the development of the decimal system and was influential in the spread of Arabic numerals in the Islamic world and beyond.

Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi is not a widely recognized historical or contemporary figure, and the name may refer to different individuals depending on the context. However, it is commonly associated with Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, the leader of the Islamic State (ISIS) until his death in 2019. He was known for his role in establishing the ISIS caliphate and for promoting extreme interpretations of Islam.

Ahmad ibn Yusuf is not a widely recognized historical figure or term that appears in commonly known texts. However, the name could potentially refer to various individuals or contexts in Islamic history or literature, as "Ahmad" and "Yusuf" are common names in the Arabic-speaking world.

Al-Battani, also known as Albategnius, was a notable Arab astronomer, mathematician, and astronomer who lived from approximately 858 to 929 CE. He is best known for his contributions to astronomy, including his improvements to trigonometry and his work in calculating the length of the solar year. Al-Battani performed detailed observations of the stars and planets, and he made significant advances in the understanding of celestial mechanics.

Aṣ-Ṣaidanānī, often transliterated as Al-Saidanani, typically refers to a historical figure, often associated with Islamic scholarship. The name is derived from the Arabic term "Ṣaidanān," which may refer to related places or origins connected to the individual in scholarly or religious contexts. In Islamic history, names often signify lineage or geographical connections, leading to a variety of figures bearing similar names, which can include scholars, jurists, or poets.

Bashar ibn Shu'aib is a notable figure in Islamic tradition, primarily recognized for his role as a companion of the Prophet Muhammad. He is often referenced in Islamic historical texts and is known for his contributions to the early Muslim community. Specific details about his life, including his biography and achievements, may vary across different sources.

Ibn Yunus, also known as Ibn Yunus al-Misri, was a prominent Islamic astronomer and mathematician from Egypt who lived during the 10th century, specifically from around 950 to 1009 CE. He is best known for his contributions to astronomy and for his work in timekeeping and the measurement of celestial bodies. One of his major accomplishments was the creation of the "Zij," an astronomical table that included data on the positions of various celestial bodies.

Joseph of Spain, also known as Joseph Bonaparte, was the older brother of Napoleon Bonaparte. He was appointed King of Spain by Napoleon from 1808 to 1813 during the Peninsular War, following the French invasion of Spain. His reign was marked by resistance from Spanish patriots and widespread unpopularity, as many Spaniards opposed French rule.

As of my last knowledge update in October 2021, "Lupitus of Barcelona" does not appear to be a widely recognized term or entity. It's possible that it could refer to a specific event, organization, product, or cultural reference that has emerged after that date. Alternatively, it might be an obscure term or a typographical error for something else.

Mohammed ibn Abdun al-Jabali, often referred to simply as Ibn Abdun, was a prominent figure from the 12th century in Muslim Spain (Al-Andalus). He is best known as a scholar and a jurist, particularly associated with the Maliki school of Islamic jurisprudence. Historically, he is recognized for his contributions to Islamic legal thought and his role in the cultural and intellectual life of Al-Andalus during a time of significant philosophical and scholarly activity.

Notker Labeo, also known as Notker of St. Gall, was a Benedictine monk, theologian, and scholar who lived in the 9th century (around 840–912 AD). He is most well-known for his contributions to the development of Latin literary culture during the Carolingian Renaissance, particularly through his works on grammar, rhetoric, and poetry.

Pope Sylvester II, born Gerbert of Aurillac around 946, was a notable Pope who served from 999 to 1003. He is particularly recognized for his contributions to education and the introduction of new scientific ideas in medieval Europe. Gerbert was a scholar, who studied in Spain, where he was influenced by the Arabic scholarly tradition, particularly in mathematics and astronomy. As pope, Sylvester II was known for his efforts to reform the Church and improve its administration.

The 11th century was a period during which significant advancements in mathematics occurred, particularly in the Islamic world, as well as in Europe. Here are some noteworthy mathematicians and their contributions during this time: 1. **Al-Khwarizmi (c. 780–850)**: Although he lived earlier than the 11th century, his works were influential well into the 11th century. Al-Khwarizmi is often referred to as the "father of algebra.

Abu al-Fadl ibn Hasdai (also known as Abu al-Fadl al-Hasdai) was a prominent Jewish figure in medieval Spain, specifically during the time of the Caliphate of Córdoba in the 10th century. He is most notably recognized as a physician and a scholar.

Al-Zarqali, also known as Azarquiel, was a prominent 11th-century astronomer, mathematician, and instrument maker from Al-Andalus, which is present-day Spain. He is best known for his contributions to astronomy, particularly for his work on the astrolabe and for creating astronomical tables that were highly regarded in both the Islamic world and Europe.

Franco of Liège refers to a historical and cultural festival held in Liège, Belgium. This event celebrates the rich cultural heritage of the Walloon region, which includes music, gastronomy, and various forms of art. The festival also highlights the importance of the Franco-German culture in the region and often features performances by local and international artists.

Garlandus Compotista, often referred to simply as Compotista, is a historical figure believed to have been a 13th-century scholar or cleric. He is notably associated with the early development of mathematical texts related to astronomy and the calculation of time, particularly calendar systems and the management of timekeeping.

Hermann of Reichenau (1013–1054) was a German Benedictine monk, composer, and scholar, known for his contributions to various fields, including music, astronomy, and hagiography. He was a member of the Reichenau Abbey located on an island in Lake Constance, which was a significant center of learning during the Middle Ages.

Ibn Mu'adh al-Jayyani, also known as Abu Al-Qasim al-Jayyani, was an important figure in Islamic history, particularly noted for his contributions to the fields of astronomy and mathematics during the medieval period. His exact dates of birth and death are not well-documented, but he is often associated with the Islamic Golden Age, a time when science, literature, and culture flourished in the Muslim world.

Muhammad al-Baghdadi, often referred to as Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, was the leader of the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) from 2010 until his death in 2019. He played a key role in the transformation of the group from an insurgency in Iraq to a terrorist organization that gained significant territory in Iraq and Syria, declaring a caliphate in 2014.

Said al-Andalusi, also known as Abū al-Qāsim Saʿīd ibn Ḥusayn al-Andalusi, was a notable figure in medieval Islamic scholarship, particularly in the context of Al-Andalus (the Muslim-ruled territories in what is now Spain and Portugal). He was born around the year 1029 and passed away around 1070. Al-Andalusi was renowned as a philosopher, astronomer, and mathematician.

Yusuf al-Mu'taman ibn Hud was a prominent historical figure who served as a king of the Taifa of Zaragoza in the early 11th century. He belonged to the Hudid dynasty, which ruled over parts of present-day northeastern Spain during the period of the taifa kingdoms, a time when the Iberian Peninsula was fragmented into various small Muslim-ruled kingdoms following the collapse of the Umayyad Caliphate of Cordoba.

The 12th century was a significant period for the development of mathematics, particularly in Europe, as it marked the beginning of the Western Renaissance in science and learning. During this time, several mathematicians and scholars contributed to the field, often through the translation and dissemination of works from the Islamic Golden Age and ancient Greek texts. Some noteworthy figures and developments in 12th-century mathematics include: 1. **Gerard of Cremona**: An influential translator, Gerard of Cremona (c.

Abu Bakr al-Hassar is not a widely recognized figure or term in historical or contemporary contexts as of my last training cut-off in October 2023. It is possible that the name may refer to a lesser-known individual, a local figure, or a topic that hasn't garnered significant attention in mainstream media or academic discourse.

Herman of Carinthia (circa 1115–circa 1170) was a significant figure in the field of translation during the 12th century, known for his work of translating various works from Arabic into Latin. He is often associated with the intellectual revival that took place during the medieval period, especially in the context of the transmission of knowledge from the Islamic world to Europe.

Hiyya al-Daudi is a term that refers to a practice among certain Jewish communities, particularly among those of North African origin, such as Moroccan Jews. It is associated with the preparation and consumption of a dish known as "Hiyya," which is made from fish, often served during festive occasions or special events. The dish is often accompanied by various spices and ingredients to enhance its flavor.

Ibn al-Yasamin, also known as Ibn al-Yasamin al-Masri, is a notable figure in the field of Arabic literature and Sufi mysticism. He is best known for his poetry and contributions to Arabic literary traditions. The term "Ibn al-Yasamin" itself translates to "Son of the Jasmine," a name that may symbolize beauty and spiritual purity.

Ismail al-Jazari was a notable Muslim polymath, inventor, engineer, and scholar who lived during the Islamic Golden Age, specifically in the 12th century (approximately 1136–1206). He is most famous for his book "Kitab al-Jami' bayn al-'Ilm wa-l-'Amal al-Nafi' fi Sina'at al-Hiyal" (The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices), written in 1206.

Jabir ibn Aflah (also known as Jabr ibn Aflah) was a notable Arab mathematician and astronomer of the medieval period, particularly active during the 12th century. He is best known for his influential work on mathematics and geometry, particularly in relation to surveying and the construction of tools for astronomical observations. Jabir's most significant contribution was his writings on the application of mathematics to practical problems, most notably in areas like geometry and trigonometry.

Kirik the Novgorodian is a figure from medieval Russian literature and folklore, emerging primarily from the historical and cultural milieu of Novgorod, a significant trade center and republic in medieval Russia. Kirik is often depicted as a clever, resourceful, and sometimes trickster-like character, reflecting the cultural values and social dynamics of the time.

The 13th century was a period of significant mathematical development, particularly in Europe and the Islamic world. Here are some key mathematicians and contributions from that time: 1. **Leonardo of Pisa (Fibonacci)**: Although he was born in the late 12th century (c.

Ahmad ibn Munim al-Abdari, also known simply as Ibn Munim al-Abdari, was a notable figure in the realm of Islamic scholarship, particularly known for his contributions to the study of hadith (the sayings and actions of the Prophet Muhammad). He belonged to the 13th century and hailed from the region of Al-Andalus, present-day Spain.

Ibn al-Ha'im al-Ishbili, also known as Abu Muhammad al-Ha'im al-Ishbili, was a notable figure in the field of medicine and pharmacy during the medieval period, particularly in the Islamic Golden Age. He is primarily recognized for his contributions to pharmacology and his work on medical texts.

Johannes de Sacrobosco, also known as John of Holywood, was a medieval scholar and mathematician, best known for his work on mathematics and astronomy. He was likely born around 1195 and died around 1256. Sacrobosco is often associated with the University of Paris, where he taught and wrote.

Judah ben Solomon ha-Kohen, also known by the name Judah ha-Kohen or simply Judah ben Solomon, was a notable figure in Jewish history, particularly recognized for his contributions in the fields of philosophy, poetry, and religious leadership during the medieval period. He lived in the late 12th and early 13th centuries, and is often associated with the Jewish communities in Spain.

Muhyi al-Din al-Maghribi, often referred to simply as al-Maghribi, was a notable Islamic scholar and polymath from the medieval period, particularly associated with the field of mathematics and astronomy. His full name is more typically given as Muhyi al-Din Abu Abdullah al-Maghribi. He is particularly known for his contributions to the development of trigonometry and for his works in mathematics that bridge the Islamic and European scholarly traditions.

Ramon Llull (c. 1232–1315) was a significant philosopher, logician, and missionary from the Mediterranean island of Mallorca, which was then part of the Kingdom of Majorca. He is often considered one of the earliest proponents of logic and a pioneer of computational systems.

"Vitello" can refer to different things depending on the context: 1. **Culinary Term**: In Italian cuisine, "vitello" means "veal," which is the meat of young cattle. It is commonly used in various dishes across Italy, such as "vitello tonnato," which is veal served with a creamy tuna sauce.

The term "14th-century mathematicians" refers to individuals who made contributions to mathematics during the 1300s, a period characterized by the development of new mathematical concepts and the revival of interest in ancient Greek and Arabic mathematics. During this time, notable mathematicians emerged, especially in Europe and the Islamic world. Some key mathematicians from the 14th century include: 1. **Nicole Oresme (c.

Al-Qalqashandi, whose full name is **Abu al-ʿAbbas Ahmad ibn Ali al-Qalqashandi**, was an influential Arab historian and polymath who lived during the late 14th and early 15th centuries (circa 1355 – 1418).

Isaac ibn al-Ahdab was a notable figure in the Jewish intellectual tradition of the medieval period, particularly known for his contributions to biblical exegesis and Jewish philosophy. He lived in the 12th century in the Islamic world, likely in Spain, during a time when Jewish scholarship flourished. His most recognized work includes a commentary on the Hebrew Bible, specifically addressing important theological and interpretative questions.

Ya'ish ibn Ibrahim al-Umawi was a notable figure during the Umayyad period in early Islamic history. He is primarily recognized for his role in the Umayyad dynasty, which ruled from 661 to 750 CE. The Umayyad dynasty is known for its expansive empire, which stretched from Spain to India, and for its complex social, cultural, and political developments.

The 15th century was a significant period for mathematics, particularly because it was part of the broader Renaissance movement, which saw a revival of interest in science and learning. Here are some key mathematicians and developments from the 15th century: 1. **Fibonacci (Leonardo of Pisa, c. 1170-1250)**: Although he lived earlier than the 15th century, Fibonacci’s work laid important foundations for later mathematicians.

Abu'l-Hasan ibn Ali al-Qalasadi was a notable figure from the 15th century, primarily recognized for his contributions to the fields of mathematics and astronomy. He was born in 1412 in the city of Qalasād, which is located in present-day Spain. Al-Qalasadi is particularly renowned for his work in the development of trigonometry and the use of astronomical instruments.

Ibn Ghazi al-Miknasi refers to a Moroccan scholar and historian from the 17th century, known for his contributions to Islamic scholarship, particularly in the areas of history, geography, and literature. His full name is Abu Abdullah Muhammad ibn Ghazi al-Miknasi.

Ibn al-Majdi, also known as Al-Majdi, refers to the prominent Arab astronomer and mathematician, Ahmad ibn al-Majdi, who lived in the 15th century (circa 1440-1500) in the region that is now Oman. He is well-known for his contributions to astronomy and navigation, particularly in the context of the Indian Ocean.

John Cantius is a name associated with a Roman Catholic church, known formally as St. John Cantius Church, located in Chicago, Illinois. The church is renowned for its traditional liturgical practices and has a reputation for promoting the classical form of the Roman Rite. St. John Cantius Church is named after St. John Cantius, a 15th-century Polish priest and scholar known for his devotion to education and the Catholic faith.

John Chortasmenos was a notable Byzantine scholar and philosopher who lived during the late 14th and early 15th centuries. He is best known for his contributions to the field of philosophy and education, especially within the context of the Byzantine Renaissance. Chortasmenos was also an important figure in the preservation and transmission of classical Greek thought. He is often associated with the teaching of Aristotle and other classical philosophers, integrating their works into the curriculum of his time.

John Vitéz, also known as János Vitéz, was a Hungarian prelate and cleric who lived during the 15th century. He was notably the Bishop of Veszprém and later the Archbishop of Esztergom, which was one of the most important ecclesiastical positions in Hungary at the time.

As of my last knowledge update in October 2021, I am not aware of any notable individual or concept known as "Joseph Parsi." It's possible that this name could refer to a private individual or has emerged in news or popular culture after that date.

Mordecai Comtino does not appear to be a widely recognized term, figure, or concept within historical, academic, or popular contexts up until my last update in October 2023. It's possible that it could be a name from a specific niche, a fictional character, or a lesser-known historical figure, but there is no prominent information available about it in general discourse.

Moses Botarel Farissol, also known as Moisés Botarel Farissol, was a Jewish scholar and philosopher in the 14th century, often associated with the Jewish community in Spain. He is known for his contributions to Jewish thought, especially in the context of medieval Jewish philosophy. Farissol's work is notable for its synthesis of Jewish tradition and the philosophical ideas of the time, including influences from both Arabic philosophy and Christian thought.

Paul of Middelburg (also known as Paulus de Middelburg) was a Dutch philosopher, theologian, and humanist who lived during the Renaissance period. Born around 1480 in Middelburg, he is often recognized for his contributions to the fields of philosophy, theology, and the study of arts and sciences. He was notably a proponent of the humanist movement and was involved in the theological debates of his time.

The 16th century was a significant period in the history of mathematics, marked by the transition from medieval to modern mathematical thinking. Several mathematicians played key roles in the development of mathematical concepts during this time.

Guðbrandur Þorláksson (c. 1540 – 1627) was an important figure in Icelandic history, primarily known for his contributions to education and the Lutheran Church during the Reformation. He served as the Bishop of Skálholt from 1571 until his death in 1627. One of his significant achievements was the promotion of literacy and the establishment of schools, as well as his efforts to translate and publish religious texts in Icelandic.

Ibn Hamza al-Maghribi, also known as Ibn Hamza al-Maqdisi, is a historical figure often associated with the medieval Islamic scholarship and culture. His full name is Abu al-Qasim Abdullah ibn Hamza al-Maghribi. He is remembered primarily for his contributions to the fields of astronomy, mathematics, and philosophy during the Islamic Golden Age.

Joachim Sterck van Ringelbergh (also spelled as Ringelberch) was a notable figure from the 16th century, primarily known as a Dutch poet and humanist. He was born in 1544 and became associated with the court of William of Orange during a time of significant political and religious turmoil in the Netherlands.

Matrakçı Nasuh (1480-1564) was an influential Ottoman Turkish architect, historian, and miniaturist, renowned for his contributions to the fields of cartography and military architecture. He is perhaps best known for his detailed maps and illustrations, which played a significant role in the documentation and understanding of the Ottoman Empire and its geographical territories during the 16th century.

Moses Zuriel does not appear to be a widely recognized figure or concept based on information available up to October 2023. It's possible that he could be a private individual, a lesser-known public figure, or someone relevant in specific contexts that are not covered in mainstream knowledge.

Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543) was a Renaissance astronomer and mathematician who is best known for formulating the heliocentric model of the universe, which posited that the Earth and other planets revolve around the Sun. This was a significant departure from the geocentric model that had dominated Western astronomy, which placed the Earth at the center of the universe.

The 17th century was a pivotal time in the history of mathematics, marked by significant advancements and the development of new concepts that laid the foundation for modern mathematics. Notable mathematicians from this period include: 1. **René Descartes (1596–1650)**: Often considered the father of modern philosophy and analytic geometry, Descartes developed the Cartesian coordinate system, linking algebra and geometry. His work "La Géométrie" introduced methods for expressing geometric shapes algebraically.

The 18th century was a significant period in the history of mathematics, marked by substantial developments in various branches of the field. Many mathematicians made important contributions during this time, and they laid the groundwork for future advancements.

François Daviet de Foncenex is a historical figure, known primarily for his involvement in the French military and colonial endeavors in the 18th century. He is often remembered for his roles in various military campaigns and his contributions to the French colonial presence in the Americas. There is limited detailed information available about his life and activities, but he is one of the many individuals who played a part in the complex history of French exploration and colonization.

Gelenbevi Ismail Efendi, also known as Gelenbevi Ismail or simply Ismail Efendi, was a prominent figure in the late Ottoman Empire, particularly noted for his contributions to the field of education, especially in relation to modernizing and reforming the educational system in Turkey. He is particularly associated with the title of "Gelenbevi," which refers to his origins in the town of Gelenbe in present-day Turkey.

Joseph Stepling is best known as a Polish writer and philosopher, particularly noted for his contributions to literature and thought during the 18th century. He was influenced by the Enlightenment period and engaged with various intellectual currents of his time.

The 1st century BC was a notable period for mathematics, particularly in the context of the development of mathematics in ancient Greece and Rome. While specific mathematicians from this period may not be as well-documented as those from earlier or later periods, several key figures and developments can be highlighted: 1. **Hero of Alexandria (circa 10 AD - 70 AD)**: Although technically from the 1st century AD, much of Hero's work was influenced by prior mathematicians.

Jing Fang (also known as Jin Fang or Jingfang) is a traditional Chinese medicine term that refers to a category of herbal formulations or remedies based on classical Chinese medical theory. These formulations are typically used to treat various health conditions by restoring balance and harmony in the body's energy (Qi), blood, and organ systems. In a broader context, Jing Fang can also refer to specific herbal ingredients or formulas designed to target particular imbalances or diseases.

Liu Xin (c. 50 BC – 23 AD) was a prominent Chinese scholar, historian, and astronomer during the Western Han dynasty. He is best known for his work in the field of historiography, particularly for compiling the "Historical Records" (Shiji) and expanding on earlier texts. Liu Xin made significant contributions to the study of ancient Chinese literature and history, as well as advancements in astronomy, including the development of celestial globes.

1st-century mathematicians lived during a pivotal time in the history of mathematics, primarily in regions influenced by the Roman Empire and Hellenistic culture. While there are not as many famous mathematicians from the 1st century compared to earlier periods, several notable figures and developments are significant.

21st-century mathematicians are individuals engaged in the field of mathematics during the 21st century (from the year 2001 onward). This period has seen significant advancements and diversification in mathematical research, education, and applications. Mathematicians of this century work across various fields, including pure mathematics, applied mathematics, statistics, computational mathematics, and interdisciplinary areas like data science and bioinformatics.

The 21st century has seen a significant increase in the visibility and contributions of women mathematicians in various fields of mathematics. These women have made remarkable advancements and contributed to both pure and applied mathematics, as well as fostering initiatives to encourage more female participation in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) fields.

"Asrat Atsedeweyn" is a concept from Ethiopian culture that translates to "the theme of human life and spirit" or "the essence of human existence." It encompasses the philosophical and spiritual beliefs surrounding what it means to be human, including concepts of life, morality, and community. In a broader context, it often reflects the values, ethics, and narratives that shape the identity and worldview of Ethiopian people.

Sediq Afghan is an Afghan-American entrepreneur known for his work in the technology sector and his involvement in various business ventures. He has gained recognition for his contributions to the development of digital platforms that facilitate communication and interactions among people, particularly in the context of Afghan culture and community. In addition to his entrepreneurial activities, Sediq Afghan has been active in promoting Afghan culture and heritage in the diaspora, and he has participated in initiatives aimed at supporting Afghan refugees and immigrants.

The 2nd century BC was a significant period for the development of mathematics, particularly in the Hellenistic world and ancient Rome. Several key mathematicians and contributions from this era include: 1. **Euclid (c. 300 BC)**: While best known for his work earlier than the 2nd century BC, Euclid's influence extended into this period.