National Bureau of Standards Monograph 8, issued 20 May 1960. Title-page authors: W. G. Brombacher, D. P. Johnson and J. L. Cross. Sections 5.1–5.3 distinguish adjustable and fixed cisterns; sections 8–10 treat capillarity, temperature and gravity corrections.

WMO-No. 8, seventh edition. Part I, chapter 3 describes atmospheric-pressure measurement and mercury-barometer corrections.

Philosophical Transactions 135, pp. 155–172, with additional remarks on pp. 172–177. The reported cooling bath and alcohol-thermometer limitations occur on printed p. 158. Pressure and temperature readings there are historical experimental indications.

Edited by William Crookes. The linked Chatto & Windus reprint is dated 1894. The 1860 edition is separately catalogued by the Biodiversity Heritage Library: www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/29969. Lecture VI includes carbon-point electrical light and a heated platinum bridge.

By Nicole Fan, Chunhui Zhou and Elina Myagkaya. Published 4 October 2021 in Scientific Reports 11, article 19686. The introduction distinguishes mineral–organic layer interference from surface-groove diffraction; equation 1 gives a repeating-layer interference condition.

By John Lekner. Proceedings of the Royal Society A 468, pp. 2829–2848; published online 23 May 2012. The paper's exact result concerns finite conducting spheres. It is distinct from the leading small-sphere model used in charged conducting sphere in a slowly varying electric field.

Volume II, chapter VI, §442, contrasts Siméon Denis Poisson's induced molecular magnetization with Wilhelm Eduard Weber's pre-existing molecular magnets. A publisher transcription of that section is available at www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/treatise-on-electricity-and-magnetism/webers-theory-of-magnetic-induction/672E4931AABCC94ED48AE9B952B85B48.

Wikisource transcription, Part IV, chapter IX, §§604–608: en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Treatise_on_Electricity_and_Magnetism/Part_IV/Chapter_IX

National Centers for Environmental Information product description and data-access page. The conventional 30-year products include daily, monthly and annual statistics; the reference interval is part of the statistic.

National Meteorological Library and Archive factsheet 16, World Climates. The opening discussion distinguishes climate from a single average and lists the principal geographical and circulation controls.

The sections on haloes and parhelia identify hexagonal ice crystals and the approximately $22^{\circ }$ minimum angular scale.

National Ocean Service explanation distinguishing fair-weather and tornadic waterspouts.

National Weather Service training compilation crediting Jeff Haby. The frost sections distinguish deposition from frozen dew and explain why radiatively cooled surfaces may freeze while the standard-height air observation remains above freezing.

National Severe Storms Laboratory explanation of hail growth, updraft support and ice layering. It explicitly rejects treating the layers simply as a record of repeated up-and-down cycles.

Special Publication 811, Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI). Appendix B.8 supplies conversion factors; chapter 4 distinguishes base and derived units, and chapter 7 explains how to express a quantity value. The SI defining constants have since been updated; use The International System of Units (SI), ninth edition, SI Brochure for the current definitions.

Official NIST Special Publication 811, Chapter 8: www.nist.gov/pml/special-publication-811/nist-guide-si-chapter-8 . Section 8.7 distinguishes amplitude and power level ratios: field-amplitude levels use 20 log10 of the amplitude ratio in decibels, while power levels use 10 log10 of the power ratio. Equivalence requires the stated quadratic relationship. Section 8.6.7 defines mass density as mass divided by volume; this does not identify an unknown local boundary density from a specimen average.

A historical grouping of predominantly unicellular eukaryotic organisms. Some include waterborne pathogens; the grouping is not a single modern evolutionary clade.

An operating system supporting multiple users with distinct identities and protection requirements. Access control determines which users may access shared resources.

An organic dietary substance required in small amounts for normal biological function when an organism cannot make enough of it. A requirement is species-specific: vitamin C is essential in human diets but is synthesized by many other mammals.

An nuclear physicist studies nuclear physics through mathematical theory, observation or experiment. The field determines the relevant physical systems and measurements, while the individual biographies below connect particular contributions with their scientific ideas.

Spectroscopic measurement of tissue chemical signals, complementary to anatomical magnetic resonance imaging.

The atmospheric gas mixture, principally nitrogen and oxygen near the Earth's surface, with variable water vapour and smaller amounts of other components. Gas relative density comparisons conventionally specify dry air as the reference.