Catabolism comprises metabolic processes that break down compounds into smaller products. Some released free energy can be conserved in ATP or reduced electron carriers. Glycolysis, for example, converts glucose into smaller carbon compounds while supporting energy capture. A catabolic pathway need not completely oxidize its substrate; fermentation retains substantial chemical energy in its products. Catabolism supplies both energy and intermediates used by anabolism. ^[ref]

The study of structural and functional changes associated with disease. Tissue appearances, molecular findings and physiological effects provide complementary evidence; a visible lesion is not automatically a complete causal explanation.

Treatment or investigation through physical intervention on tissues. Removing a lesion, restoring continuity and changing a mechanical relationship are different operative purposes with different biological consequences.

The branch of medicine concerned with the urinary tract and the male reproductive system. Obstruction, infection, stone formation and tissue disease provide different mechanisms for apparently similar urinary symptoms.

The branch of medicine concerned with the eye and visual function. Optical measurements, tissue examination and neural assessment address different sources of impaired vision.

The branch of medicine concerned with pregnancy, childbirth and the period around delivery. It connects maternal physiology, fetal development and the mechanics and complications of birth.

Formation of a thrombus within the blood circulation. A clot can impede local flow or shed an embolus, connecting a process normally useful in hemostasis with vascular obstruction.

Historical study of medicine ideas, practices and evidence. A historical indication for treatment must be distinguished from a present-day indication.

Accumulation of excess fluid in tissues.

Yellow discoloration associated with accumulation of bilirubin.

A systematically described finding about a patient’s condition or course. Observation supplies evidence for a hypothesis, while a causal claim requires attention to alternatives, timing and the way measurements were obtained.

Application of medical observations and methods to legal questions. Biological findings can constrain interpretations, but their limitations and uncertainty must remain separate from the ultimate legal decision.

A clinical syndrome in which structural or functional cardiac abnormalities impair effective blood circulation or produce elevated filling pressures. It can occur with different contraction measurements, so reduced pumping fraction is not its universal definition.

A pregnancy-associated syndrome involving new hypertension with proteinuria or other maternal organ dysfunction after mid-pregnancy. Placental and maternal vascular processes connect the obstetric setting with effects beyond the kidneys.^[ref]

Investigation of urine through physical observation, chemical tests and microscopy. These methods reveal different properties, so a reagent-strip result and a microscopic finding are complementary rather than interchangeable evidence.^[ref]

A transient loss of consciousness caused by temporary reduction in cerebral blood flow, with spontaneous recovery. It is distinct from merely feeling faint and from unconsciousness due to a primary seizure or persistent metabolic disturbance.^[ref]

Disease of the arteries supplying the heart muscle, commonly involving atherosclerotic narrowing. Limitation of blood supply can produce ischaemia, while the presence of a lesion and its immediate functional effect are separate questions.

Disease of the heart muscle associated with structural or functional abnormalities. Different forms alter chamber size, wall thickness or relaxation, so the term identifies a broad class rather than one mechanical defect.

An abnormality of the origin, timing or propagation of cardiac electrical activity. A rhythm can be fast, slow or irregular through different mechanisms, so rate alone does not fully classify it.