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The genome carried within a chloroplast. It retains some photosynthesis and expression-machinery genes, while many components required for its expression are encoded in the nuclear genome.
genome reduction is evolutionary loss of genomic material and functions. Host complementation can relax selection on some pathways, while transmission bottlenecks and genetic drift can also permit deleterious losses; genome streamlining is not necessarily wholly adaptive.
A genetic element maintained separately from host chromosomes in an episomal state. Copying, nuclear retention and partition between daughter biological cells are separate requirements for stable maintenance.
Mechanisms limiting the propagation or harmful effects of parasitic genetic material. Shared defence functions do not by themselves prove one origin for all molecular pathways.[ref]
DNA-guided DNA interference by a prokaryotic Argonaute by Daan C. Swarts and others. 2014, Figures 1–4, DNA guides and foreign-DNA restriction
An inherited sequence label used to distinguish cell ancestries. Independent acquisition of the same barcode, loss of the readout and nonuniform barcode frequencies can all confound a clonal inference.
Optogenetics uses genetically introduced light-responsive components to perturb or monitor biological processes with spatial and temporal control. Light-only, construct-only and expression-matched controls help distinguish the intended response from phototoxicity.
A genetic intervention eliminating functional output of a gene. A targeted insertion or deletion is not by itself proof of knockout: remaining alleles, reading frame and functional protein must be checked.
An unintended effect outside the nominated molecular target. Independent reagents, verified target changes and functional rescue help distinguish target-specific consequences from these effects.
Modification or design of a protein to change its properties. Rational design, library construction and directed evolution offer complementary ways to test sequence–function relationships.
A controlled change to a genetic system used to test a functional hypothesis. Its interpretation depends on specificity, timing and controls for secondary effects.
Change in allele frequencies when a biological population is established by a restricted sample of ancestors. Subsequent growth does not restore variation that was not sampled.
An oscillatory developmental regulatory system associated with repeated segment formation. Oscillation, intercellular synchronisation and fixation of boundaries are distinct processes.
The interacting regulatory system built from pair-rule genes. Its interactions can change with developmental time rather than forming one static circuit.
A feed-forward loop has regulatory paths and . The two inputs are combined at the target gene using a specified regulatory rule.
The establishment of substantial embryonic transcription after fertilisation. Minor earlier transcription and later major waves make the onset a process rather than one universally instantaneous event.
Pinned article: Introduction to the OurBigBook Project
Welcome to the OurBigBook Project! Our goal is to create the perfect publishing platform for STEM subjects, and get university-level students to write the best free STEM tutorials ever.
Everyone is welcome to create an account and play with the site: ourbigbook.com/go/register. We belive that students themselves can write amazing tutorials, but teachers are welcome too. You can write about anything you want, it doesn't have to be STEM or even educational. Silly test content is very welcome and you won't be penalized in any way. Just keep it legal!
Intro to OurBigBook
. Source. We have two killer features:
- topics: topics group articles by different users with the same title, e.g. here is the topic for the "Fundamental Theorem of Calculus" ourbigbook.com/go/topic/fundamental-theorem-of-calculusArticles of different users are sorted by upvote within each article page. This feature is a bit like:
- a Wikipedia where each user can have their own version of each article
- a Q&A website like Stack Overflow, where multiple people can give their views on a given topic, and the best ones are sorted by upvote. Except you don't need to wait for someone to ask first, and any topic goes, no matter how narrow or broad
This feature makes it possible for readers to find better explanations of any topic created by other writers. And it allows writers to create an explanation in a place that readers might actually find it.
Figure 1. Screenshot of the "Derivative" topic page. View it live at: ourbigbook.com/go/topic/derivativeVideo 2. OurBigBook Web topics demo. Source. - local editing: you can store all your personal knowledge base content locally in a plaintext markup format that can be edited locally and published either:This way you can be sure that even if OurBigBook.com were to go down one day (which we have no plans to do as it is quite cheap to host!), your content will still be perfectly readable as a static site.
- to OurBigBook.com to get awesome multi-user features like topics and likes
- as HTML files to a static website, which you can host yourself for free on many external providers like GitHub Pages, and remain in full control
Figure 2. You can publish local OurBigBook lightweight markup files to either OurBigBook.com or as a static website.
Figure 3. Visual Studio Code extension installation.
Figure 5. . You can also edit articles on the Web editor without installing anything locally. Video 3. Edit locally and publish demo. Source. This shows editing OurBigBook Markup and publishing it using the Visual Studio Code extension. 
- Infinitely deep tables of contents:
All our software is open source and hosted at: github.com/ourbigbook/ourbigbook
Further documentation can be found at: docs.ourbigbook.com
Feel free to reach our to us for any help or suggestions: docs.ourbigbook.com/#contact