The graph total variation measures absolute variation of a vertex signal across edges. It is independent of the orientation used for the oriented incidence matrix. It vanishes exactly on signals constant on each connected component of a graph. A graph total variation denoising estimator combines this penalty with squared error, favouring signals that are piecewise constant on connected regions.

For finite convex total variation and a positive squared-error budget, the Slater condition supplies a multiplier $\lambda \ge 0$ such that every constrained minimizer also minimizes $\mathrm{TV}(u)+\lambda \Vert u-g{\Vert }^2$. Conversely, a minimizer of that penalized objective with $\lambda >0$ minimizes total variation under the budget equal to its own squared error. Complementary slackness proves the first implication; a comparison of objective values proves the second. This does not assert uniqueness of the multiplier or equality of all minimizer sets when $\lambda =0$.

A spherical squirmer can rotate without disturbing the surrounding fluid if its prescribed surface slip exactly cancels the velocity of rigid rotation: $u^{\prime }=-\Omega \times an$. The laboratory-frame boundary velocity is then zero. Uniqueness of Stokes flow with decay at infinity gives identically zero exterior velocity. In particular $u^{\prime }=b_0\sin \theta e_{\varphi }$ gives $\Omega =-(b_0/a)e_z$. The cancellation concerns the total fluid boundary velocity, not the solid material's angular velocity.

The number $r_8(n)$ of ordered integer eight-tuples whose squares sum to $n$ satisfieswith $r_8(0)=1$ separately. For the theta series of integer squares $\theta (\tau )={\sum }_{m\in \mathbb{Z}}{e}^{2\pi i{m}^2\tau }$, the precise shifted identity iswhere $E_4$ is the normalized Eisenstein series with constant Fourier coefficient one. The coefficient of $q^n$, $q=e^{2\pi i\tau }$, on the left is $(-1{)}^n{r}_8(n)$, because an integer and its square have the same parity. Comparing the Fourier coefficients with the divisor-sum expansion of $E_4$ gives the displayed formula. For example, $r_8(1)=16$, from choosing one of eight coordinates and either sign.

For fixed $r\ge 2$ and every $\epsilon >0$, some $\delta >0$ has the following property for all sufficiently large $n$: a graph with fewer than $\delta n^r$ copies of $K_r$ can be made $K_r$-free by deleting at most $\epsilon n^2$ edges. A Szemerédi regularity lemma partition and the regular clique counting lemma prove this. It converts sparse counts of a forbidden clique into a small edit distance from clique-freeness.

Let ${\lambda }_n$ be the transverse eigenvalues of a Sturm-Liouville problem for the two Robin boundary conditions. For a harmonic strip solution decaying in the longitudinal direction, projection of the prescribed end Neumann boundary condition onto every nonpositive eigenvalue must vanish. Positive modes give $q_n(x)=-g_n{e}^{-\sqrt{{\lambda }_n}x}/\sqrt{{\lambda }_n}$. Zero modes are affine and negative modes are oscillatory, so neither can contribute to a decaying solution. The condition also establishes uniqueness within the decay class.

Let $K:U\to V$ be a bounded linear operator from a real Banach space to a real Hilbert space, let $J$ be a proper lower-semicontinuous convex function, and let $\alpha >0$ and $\Vert f^{\delta }-K{u}^{†}\Vert \le \delta$. For an existing minimizer of $\Vert Ku-f^{\delta }{\Vert }^2/2+\alpha J(u)$ and a source condition in variational regularization $p^{†}=K^{\ast }w\in \partial J(u^{†})$, let $e=f^{\delta }-K{u}^{†}$ and $q=K(u_{\alpha }-u^{†})$. Its optimality subgradient is $p_{\alpha }=K^{\ast }(f^{\delta }-K{u}_{\alpha })/\alpha$. Then $\alpha D_J^{\mathrm{sym}}=⟨e-\alpha w,q⟩-\Vert q{\Vert }^2\le \Vert e-\alpha w{\Vert }^2/4$. The displayed estimate follows from $\Vert e-\alpha w{\Vert }^2\le 2{\delta }^2+2{\alpha }^2\Vert w{\Vert }^2$.

The unbounded constant-depth steady transport response to a unit point wind-curl source solves $r{\nabla }_h^2\psi +\beta {\psi }_x=H\delta (x)\delta (y)$ for $r,\beta >0$. An exponential substitution reduces it to a modified Helmholtz equation, yielding the expression shown in terms of the Modified Bessel function of the second kind. Its finite-level streamfunction contours are nearly circular near the source and stretched into a western wake far away. The wake width is of order $\sqrt{(r/\beta )|x|}$.

For a uniform normalized upper-layer wind stress curl $W$ and no lower-layer forcing, a uniform local Sverdrup balance isThe upper layer flows meridionally and the lower layer rests. Although the relative vorticity vanishes, the potential vorticity has the zonal gradients ${\bar{q}}_{1,x}=-FV$, ${\bar{q}}_{2,x}=FV$. These are essential for the perturbation stability and do not vanish merely because the background velocity is uniform.

On a sphere of radius $a$, ${\nabla }_s\mathbf{n}=P/a$, ${\nabla }_s\cdot \mathbf{n}=2/a$, and ${\Delta }_s\mathbf{n}=-2\mathbf{n}/a^2$. For a constant vector $\mathbf{U}$, ${\nabla }_s\cdot (P\mathbf{U})=-2\mathbf{U}\cdot \mathbf{n}/a$. These identities simplify dipolar surface diffusion and interfacial transport.

The graph $z=g(x,y)$ has upward-oriented vector area element $d\mathbf{S}=(-g_x,-g_y,1)dxdy$ and scalar area element $dS=\sqrt{1+g_x^2+g_y^2}dxdy$. These follow from the cross product of the parametrization derivatives $(1,0,g_x)$ and $(0,1,g_y)$. The vector element is used in flux surface integrals and Stokes theorem; reversing orientation changes its sign.

A kernel support vector machine trains a support vector machine using a positive-definite kernel instead of explicit feature coordinates. The kernel trick evaluates all required feature inner products through the training Gram matrix; prediction is ${\sum }_i{\alpha }_i{y}_{i}k(x_i,x)+b$. Nonzero dual coefficients identify support vectors. An unpenalized intercept supplies the dual equality ${\sum }_i{\alpha }_i{y}_i=0$. The Reproducing kernel Hilbert space construction explains why a positive-semidefinite kernel defines valid feature geometry.

For left Grassmann derivatives, choose $D_{\alpha }={\partial }_{\alpha }+i{\sigma }_{\alpha \dot{\beta }}^{\mu }{\bar{\theta }}^{\dot{\beta }}{\partial }_{\mu }$ and ${\bar{D}}_{\dot{\alpha }}={\bar{\partial }}_{\dot{\alpha }}+i{\theta }^{\beta }{\sigma }_{\beta \dot{\alpha }}^{\mu }{\partial }_{\mu }$. Differentiating the other operator's odd coefficient gives two equal contributions to the mixed anticommutator; coefficient-coefficient terms cancel by the Grassmann algebra. Thus the mixed anticommutator is $2i{\sigma }^{\mu }{\partial }_{\mu }$, while equal-chirality ones vanish. Also $\bar{D}(x+i\theta \sigma \bar{\theta })=0$, giving the coordinates used in the chiral-superfield component expansion. Negating the barred derivative negates the mixed algebra.

For left Grassmann derivatives and $D_{\alpha }={\partial }_{\alpha }+i({\sigma }^{\mu }\bar{\theta }{)}_{\alpha }{\partial }_{\mu }$, ${\bar{D}}_{\dot{\alpha }}=-{\bar{\partial }}_{\dot{\alpha }}-i(\theta {\sigma }^{\mu }{)}_{\dot{\alpha }}{\partial }_{\mu }$, the coordinate $y^{\mu }=x^{\mu }+i\theta {\sigma }^{\mu }\bar{\theta }$ gives $D_{\alpha }={\partial }_{\alpha }{|}_y+2i({\sigma }^{\mu }\bar{\theta }{)}_{\alpha }{\partial }_{y^{\mu }}$ and ${\bar{D}}_{\dot{\alpha }}=-{\bar{\partial }}_{\dot{\alpha }}{|}_y$. The odd chain rule gives ${\bar{\partial }}_{\dot{\alpha }}(\theta {\sigma }^{\mu }\bar{\theta })=-(\theta {\sigma }^{\mu }{)}_{\dot{\alpha }}$. A chiral superfield is consequently independent of $\bar{\theta }$ at fixed $y$.

For canonically normalized chiral superfields, the fermion bilinear is $-\frac{1}{2}{W}_{ij}{\psi }_i{\psi }_j+h.c.$ at the chosen vacuum. Its matrix is complex symmetric. The nonnegative physical Weyl spinor masses are its singular values, and their squared sum is $\mathrm{tr}(m^{†}m)$. Using signed eigenvalues of a symmetric mass matrix instead can obscure the physical mass count.

The infimum of initial costs of admissible superhedging portfolios. Positive pricing kernels supply lower bounds: if $\mathbb{E}[ZP]=p$ and $H\cdot P\ge X$, then $H\cdot p\ge \mathbb{E}[ZX]$ whenever these expectations exist.

For bounded Borel $b:{\mathbb{R}}^d\to {\mathbb{R}}^d$, the stochastic differential equation $d{X}_t=b(X_t)dt+d{B}_t$ has strong existence and pathwise uniqueness. The identity diffusion matrix is nondegenerate. A Girsanov theorem argument alone establishes weak existence and uniqueness in law; the strong conclusion requires an additional theorem. This statement does not extend without further hypotheses to arbitrary path-dependent drift or arbitrary diffusion matrices. See the primary bounded-drift strong-solution theorem.

A stochastic differential equation has strong existence for specified coefficients and initial data if a strong stochastic solution can be constructed on every prescribed stochastic basis carrying the required initial variable and driving Brownian motion. This existence assertion is distinct from pathwise uniqueness and from a definition of the solution itself.

For a nonrotating axisymmetric galactic distribution function even in $L_z$, reverse every retrograde azimuthal velocity. The resulting distribution is $F_{+}(E,L_z)=2F(E,L_z)\Theta (L_z)$: it preserves density and even velocity moments but makes the streaming velocity $⟨|v_{\varphi }|⟩$. Dependence on conserved $E,L_z$ preserves stationarity. A centered Gaussian distribution of width $\sigma$ becomes a half-normal distribution, with mean $\sqrt{2/\pi }\sigma$.

For the linear dispersive Stokes equation on $x>0$, with sufficiently smooth decaying initial data and $\mathrm{Re}p>0$, define $V(x,p)={\int }_0^{\infty }{R}_p(x-y)u_0(y)dy$ and let $G(p)$ be the time Laplace transform of the prescribed derivative $u_x(0,t)$. Spatial decay and the one-dimensional decaying homogeneous space giveThe Neumann boundary condition follows by differentiating at zero. The initial forcing follows from the Stokes resolvent kernel with advection. The Bromwich inversion formula gives an integral representation with no unknown boundary traces. Truncating or extending the prescribed boundary signal beyond a target time does not affect earlier values, by the Laplace transform time-shift rule and causality of this Green function.