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The chloroplast stroma is the fluid compartment inside the inner chloroplast envelope membrane and outside thylakoids, containing Calvin cycle enzymes.^[ref]

A chloroplast stroma location is therefore more informative than an unspecified “inside the chloroplast” location. In the boundary model above, entering chloroplast stroma has not yet entered thylakoid lumen. Protein targeting must distinguish these destinations; a fraction containing chloroplasts does not establish which internal compartment contains a detected protein.

Enantiomers are a pair of nonsuperposable mirror-image molecules. The D and L configurations of alanine are an example; glycine has no such pair because its amino acid alpha carbon carries two identical hydrogen chemical atoms. ^[ref]

The word names a relation between two stereoisomers. Merely finding two different spatial arrangements does not make them enantiomers: arrangements that are different but not mirror partners are diastereomers.

Online text: openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/12-4-integrated-rate-laws

Online text: openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/12-7-catalysis

Section of Chemistry 2e by Paul Flowers and others, published 14 February 2019 by OpenStax. The verified authors are the whole-book authors; no separate section byline is established.

Cited passages: §12.7, Homogeneous Catalysts, opening definition; Heterogeneous Catalysts, definition and numbered steps 1–4; publisher Citation information, author credits and whole-book publication date.

Online text: openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/14-3-relative-strengths-of-acids-and-bases

Cited passages: Chemistry 2e, §14.3, Relative Strengths of Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs, cancellation giving Ka Kb = Kw; Chemistry 2e, §14.3, acid ionization and concentration-dependent percent ionization.

Cited passages: Chemistry 2e, §14.3, Acid and Base Ionization Constants: equilibrium quotient; percent-ionization paragraphs immediately preceding Example 14.7.

Online text: openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/5-2-calorimetry

Online text: openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/13-3-shifting-equilibria-le-chateliers-principle

Cited passages: Chemistry 2e, §13.3, Effect of a Catalyst: faster equilibration without changing equilibrium composition.

Online text: openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/12-5-collision-theory

Cited passages: Chemistry 2e, §12.5, Activation Energy and the Arrhenius Equation: energy distributions and temperature sensitivity; Chemistry 2e, §12.5, Example 12.13 and alternate two-point approach: estimating activation energy from a slope.

Online text: openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/11-2-electrolytes

Cited passages: Flowers et al., Chemistry 2e, §11.2: strong, weak, and nonelectrolytes.

Cited passages: Chemistry 2e, §11.2, opening classification definitions; Ionic Electrolytes, sparingly soluble ionic-compound paragraph; Covalent Electrolytes, HCl proton-transfer account.

Online text: openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/11-3-solubility

Online text: openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/11-1-the-dissolution-process

Cited passages: Chemistry 2e, §11.1: opening sucrose and ionic dissolution examples; Chemistry 2e, §11.1: paragraph beginning Water is used so often as a solvent; Table 11.1; Chemistry 2e, §11.1: defining traits of solutions.

Online text: openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/16-4-free-energy

Cited passages: Flowers et al., Chemistry 2e, 16.4: free energy; OpenStax Chemistry 2e, section 16.4.

Online text: openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/10-5-the-solid-state-of-matter

Online text: openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/7-5-strengths-of-ionic-and-covalent-bonds

Cited passages: Flowers et al., Chemistry 2e, 7.5: strengths of ionic and covalent bonds; OpenStax Chemistry 2e, 7.5: breaking and forming bonds.

Online text: openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/10-6-lattice-structures-in-crystalline-solids

Online text: openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/2-6-ionic-and-molecular-compounds

Cited passages: Flowers et al., Chemistry 2e, §2.6: ionic and molecular compounds; Flowers et al., Chemistry 2e, §2.6: nuclei and ions; Flowers, Theopold, Langley and Robinson, Chemistry 2e, §2.6: ions and ionic compounds.

Online text: openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/7-1-ionic-bonding

Online text: openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/7-2-covalent-bonding

Cited passages: Chemistry 2e, 7.2: bonding within nitrate and between ions; Flowers et al., Chemistry 2e, covalent bonding.

Online text: openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/17-4-potential-free-energy-and-equilibrium

Cited passages: Flowers et al., Chemistry 2e, §17.4: reaction Gibbs energy and reversible cell potential.

Cited passages: Flowers et al., Chemistry 2e, §17.4: cell potential and free energy.