Deep-water gravity wave

A small-amplitude deep-water wave with surface elevation $\eta =A{e}^{i(kx-\omega t)}$ has dispersion relation ${\omega }^2=gk$ and a velocity potential that decays as $e^{kz}$ below the surface.

For an impulsive distant source of deep-water gravity waves, a component of period $T$ travels at group velocity $gT/(4\pi )$. Its arrival at distance $L$ obeys the displayed law, so inverse period increases linearly with arrival time. Two arrivals determine both $L$ and $t_0$. Finite source duration, currents, refraction and passage through sea ice can invalidate the simple inversion.

For small kinematic viscosity $\nu$, the mean viscous dissipation per unit horizontal area is $2\rho \nu g{k}^2|A{|}^2$. Since the mean wave energy is $\rho g|A{|}^2/2$, the amplitude obeys

For small-amplitude potential flow beneath a mean surface $z=0$, the linearized kinematic and dynamic conditions are

In a rectangular box with Neumann side walls, a horizontal modehas horizontal wavenumber $k=[(m\pi /L_x{)}^2+(n\pi /L_y{)}^2{]}^{1/2}$, depth dependence $e^{kz}$ in infinitely deep fluid, and natural frequency $\Omega =\sqrt{gk}$.

Pressure forcing of one rectangular free-surface mode reduces its amplitude toAt $\omega =\sqrt{gk}$, the inviscid undamped response contains $t\sin (\omega t)$ and grows without bound in the linear model.