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In 1982, Alain Aspect, Jean Dalibard and Gérard Roger used a calcium cascade and an acoustic standing wave in water to route each photon toward one of two fixed polarizers. Switching took about $10\mathrm{ns}$, against $40\mathrm{ns}$ for light to cross between stations. Photomultiplier coincidence circuit rates, with delayed-background subtraction and polarizer-removal normalization, violated their Bell inequality. Supplementary polarizers checked each channel against Malus's law. The timing attacked the locality loophole, but the authors emphasized that switching was quasiperiodic, not random; incomplete switching and inefficient collection also limited the test. Its normalized statistic differs from the CHSH inequality convention used below.^[ref]

Polarization-gradient cooling uses spatial variation in electromagnetic polarization together with optical pumping between internal quantum states to cool moving chemical atoms.

Jean Dalibard and Claude Cohen-Tannoudji distinguish cooling by changing elliptical polarization from cooling by rotating linear polarization. The hill picture below concerns the former.^[ref]

In 2006, Zoran Hadzibabic, Peter Krüger, Marc Cheneau, Baptiste Battelier and Jean Dalibard split a cooled rubidium-87 cloud into two independent planar gases using an optical lattice. After release, the expanding sheets overlapped; absorption imaging recorded their matter-wave interference. Smooth fringe waviness revealed thermal phase fluctuations, while sharp dislocations indicated isolated vortices. The initial evaporative-cooling endpoint controlled the preparation; central fringe contrast served as a degeneracy proxy because direct thermometry in the lattice was difficult.^[ref]

Loss of extended coherence coincided with increased vortex signatures. The optical trap and finite cloud produced a crossover; tightly bound pairs were unresolved, and short-wavelength modes could contaminate high-temperature counts. These were observations of the vortex-unbinding mechanism, not a direct measurement of phase stiffness or a sharp homogeneous universal stiffness jump. The authors left the sample's superfluidity open.^[ref]