Upshot-Knothole Dixie refers to a series of nuclear tests conducted by the United States as part of the Upshot-Knothole nuclear test series in 1953. This particular test took place on March 4, 1953, at the Nevada Test Site. The Upshot-Knothole series was notable for a number of atmospheric tests, and "Dixie" was a specific test designed to evaluate the effects of a nuclear explosion.

Electron ionization (EI) is a technique commonly used in mass spectrometry for ionizing chemical species. In this process, a sample is bombarded with high-energy electrons, typically with energies around 70 electron volts (eV). The interaction between the incoming electrons and the molecules of the sample causes the molecules to lose an electron, resulting in the formation of positively charged ions.

A Main Magnetic Focus Ion Source (MMFIS) is a type of ion source used in particle accelerators and various scientific applications. This type of ion source typically uses magnetic fields to focus and control the ion beam produced. Key features and principles of MMFIS include: 1. **Magnetic Focusing**: The magnetic field configuration is designed to focus the ion beam, ensuring that ions are tightly controllable and directed, which is crucial for maintaining beam quality and intensity.

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) is a soft ionization technique used in mass spectrometry (MS) to analyze biomolecules, polymers, and other complex molecules. This technique allows for the generation of ions from larger, thermally sensitive molecules without causing fragmentation, making it particularly useful for analyzing proteins, peptides, nucleic acids, and large organic compounds.

Plasma afterglow refers to the phenomenon observed in low-temperature plasma discharges, such as those found in gas discharge lamps and plasma processing systems, where the plasma emits light and energy for a brief period after the power source has been turned off or reduced. This afterglow is primarily due to the relaxation processes of excited atoms and molecules within the plasma. When the plasma is active, gas particles become ionized and excited due to energy input from an electric field or other sources.

Surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization (SALDI) is a technique used in mass spectrometry for the analysis of biomolecules and other compounds. It is a variation of the widely known laser desorption/ionization methods, such as matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI), but utilizes a solid surface rather than a matrix.

IMR Legendary Powders is a brand known for producing smokeless powder used in reloading ammunition for firearms. The "IMR" stands for "Improved Military Rifle," which reflects its historical roots in the development of gunpowder for military applications. IMR powders are popular among handloaders and competitive shooters for their reliability, consistency, and wide range of formulations suitable for various calibers and applications.

Pyrocollodion is a term that historically referred to a specific type of nitrocellulose compound, particularly a highly soluble form of cellulose nitrate that has been used in various applications, including photography and as a medium in certain artistic processes. It is often associated with the art of film and printmaking, where its properties make it suitable as a binder for pigments or as a component in making photographic plates.

Early firearms refer to the primitive gunpowder weapons developed from the 13th century onward that marked the beginning of gun technology. These early firearms were significant in the evolution of military tactics and personal weaponry. Here are some key characteristics and examples: 1. **Matchlock Firearms**: One of the earliest types of firearms, developed in the 15th century, which used a slow-burning match to ignite gunpowder in the firing mechanism.

Firearm components refer to the various parts that make up a firearm. Each component plays a specific role in the firearm's function, design, and performance. Here are the primary components of a typical firearm: 1. **Barrel**: The tube through which the bullet travels when fired. It is often rifled to improve accuracy. 2. **Action**: The mechanism that loads, fires, and ejects cartridges.

Firearm safety refers to the set of practices and guidelines designed to prevent accidents and ensure the safe handling, use, and storage of firearms. Adhering to these safety principles is crucial for anyone who owns or interacts with firearms, including hunters, sport shooters, and law enforcement personnel.

Downward ejection refers to a phenomenon observed in various contexts, most commonly in fields like physics, engineering, and fluid dynamics. It generally describes the process where an object, particle, or fluid is expelled or projected downward, often due to gravitational forces or pressure differentials. In specific applications, such as in the design of ejector seats or certain types of propulsion systems, downward ejection is crucial for ensuring safety or effective operation.

Length of pull (LOP) refers to the distance from the trigger to the end of the stock (or butt) of a firearm. It is a critical measurement for fitting a shotgun or rifle to a shooter, as it affects comfort, control, and overall shooting accuracy. A proper length of pull allows the shooter to maintain a good shooting stance, with their eye aligned with the sights or optic, while also allowing for a proper grip on the firearm.

A riot gun is a type of firearm specifically designed for crowd control and law enforcement purposes. Typically, these shotguns are used by police and security forces to manage large gatherings, riots, or situations that require a non-lethal approach. Riot guns often use less-lethal ammunition, such as rubber bullets or bean bag rounds, which are designed to incapacitate individuals without causing permanent harm.

A turret gun is a type of firearm mounted on a rotating platform, or turret, that allows for a wide field of fire without the need to reposition the entire weapon system. Turret guns are typically found on military vehicles, ships, and aircraft, allowing for quick targeting and engagement of threats from various angles. In military applications, turret guns can vary in size and caliber, ranging from small machine guns to larger cannons or automated gun systems.

104 mm artillery refers to a type of artillery system that has a caliber of 104 millimeters (mm). The most notable example of 104 mm artillery is the L/105 104mm howitzer, which was used by several countries, including Sweden. The 104 mm howitzer typically has a range of several kilometers, depending on the type of ammunition used, and is designed for indirect fire support in military operations.

230 mm artillery typically refers to a type of large-caliber artillery piece that fires projectiles with a diameter of 230 millimeters. This caliber is not among the most common artillery sizes, which often range from 105 mm to 155 mm for field artillery. However, 230 mm guns can be found in the form of howitzers, mortars, or self-propelled artillery systems.

The term "274 mm artillery" typically refers to a type of large-caliber artillery piece with a bore diameter of 274 millimeters (approximately 10.8 inches). One of the most notable examples of this caliber is the **274 mm gun** developed during World War II by several countries, including the Soviet Union and Germany.

The term "356 mm artillery" typically refers to large-caliber artillery pieces that have a bore diameter of 356 millimeters. Throughout military history, artillery of this caliber has been used for various purposes, including siege warfare and coastal defense. One prominent example of 356 mm artillery is the **356 mm naval gun** mounted on certain battleships or coastal defense systems. These guns are capable of firing heavy shells over long distances, making them effective against both land and naval targets.

The term "460 mm artillery" typically refers to large-caliber artillery pieces that have a bore diameter of 460 millimeters. One of the most notable examples of 460 mm artillery is the Japanese Type 94 460 mm Howitzer, which was used during World War II. This was a heavy siege gun designed for long-range bombardment and capable of firing large explosive shells.