Special nuclear material (SNM) refers to materials that are used in the context of nuclear energy and weapons. Specifically, it includes: 1. **Plutonium-239 (Pu-239)**: An isotope of plutonium that is fissile, meaning it can sustain a nuclear chain reaction. 2. **Uranium-233 (U-233)**: A fissile isotope of uranium that is produced from thorium-232 and can also sustain a nuclear fission chain reaction.

Ammonium uranyl carbonate is a chemical compound that contains uranium in its uranyl form (UO2^2+), combined with ammonium (NH4^+) ions and carbonate (CO3^2−) ions. Its general formula can be represented as (NH4)2[UO2(CO3)3]. This compound is of interest primarily in the fields of nuclear chemistry and materials science due to its relationship with uranium and the potential use of uranium-bearing materials.

Plutonium is a radioactive, silvery-gray metal that is part of the actinide series in the periodic table. It has the chemical symbol 'Pu' and atomic number 94. Discovered in 1940 by a team of American researchers, plutonium is notable for its use in nuclear reactors and nuclear weapons due to its fissile properties, which means it can sustain a nuclear reaction.

Plutonium tetrafluoride (PuF₄) is a chemical compound consisting of plutonium and fluorine. In this compound, plutonium is in the +4 oxidation state. It has a tetrahedral geometry and is typically classified as a fluoride due to the presence of fluorine atoms. Plutonium tetrafluoride is of interest primarily in the field of nuclear chemistry and materials science. It can be of significance in the context of nuclear fuel processing and the development of advanced nuclear materials.

Reactor-grade plutonium refers to a specific type of plutonium that is produced as a byproduct in nuclear reactors, particularly in light-water reactors. It typically has a different isotopic composition compared to weapons-grade plutonium, which is primarily used in nuclear weapons.

Yellowcake is a type of uranium concentrate powder that is produced from the processing of uranium ore. It is usually a yellowish, powdery substance, hence its name. Yellowcake typically contains about 70-90% uranium oxide (U3O8) along with various impurities. The primary use of yellowcake is as an intermediate step in the production of nuclear fuel.

Triuranium octoxide is a chemical compound with the formula \( \text{U}_3\text{O}_8 \). It is a solid form of uranium oxide that contains three uranium atoms for every eight oxygen atoms. This compound is notable in the context of nuclear materials, as it can be an intermediate form in the processing of uranium, particularly during the production of nuclear fuel. Triuranium octoxide is often encountered in various forms, including as a yellow or green powder.

Uranyl carbonate is a chemical compound consisting of uranium in its +6 oxidation state, associated with carbonate ions. Its chemical formula is generally represented as \( \text{UO}_2\text{CO}_3 \cdot n \text{H}_2\text{O} \), where \( n \) can vary, indicating that it can form hydrates.

A nuclear medicine physician is a medical doctor who specializes in the field of nuclear medicine, which is a branch of medicine that uses radioactive materials for diagnosis, treatment, and research purposes. These physicians are trained to utilize various radioactive isotopes and imaging techniques to assess and treat a range of diseases, particularly those related to the endocrine, cardiovascular, and oncology fields.

Uranyl sulfate is a chemical compound consisting of uranium in its hexavalent state (U^6+) combined with sulfate ions (SO₄²⁻). Its chemical formula is typically represented as UO₂SO₄. It appears as a bright yellow crystalline solid and is considered a uranium salt. Uranyl sulfate is of significant interest in nuclear chemistry and radiochemistry, particularly due to its role in the extraction and processing of uranium for use in nuclear fuels and other applications.

The Oxygen Enhancement Ratio (OER) is a concept used in radiation biology to describe the increased effectiveness of ionizing radiation in killing cells under conditions of higher oxygen concentration compared to hypoxic (low oxygen) conditions. In general, the presence of oxygen enhances the effects of radiation on tissues because oxygen can facilitate the formation of free radicals and other reactive species, which can lead to increased damage to DNA and other cellular structures.

PET-MRI, or Positron Emission Tomography-Magnetic Resonance Imaging, is a hybrid imaging technique that combines the functional imaging capabilities of PET with the detailed anatomical imaging of MRI. This technology aims to provide comprehensive insights into both the physiological and structural aspects of tissues and organs. ### Key Components: 1. **Positron Emission Tomography (PET)**: - PET utilizes radioactive tracers (often fluorodeoxyglucose, or FDG) that emit positrons.

Indium-111 (111In) imciromab is a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody used in nuclear medicine, specifically for imaging purposes. Imciromab is a humanized monoclonal antibody that targets the CD20 antigen, which is commonly expressed on the surface of B-cell lymphocytes, including malignant B-cells found in certain types of lymphomas and leukemias.

Fallypride is a radiolabeled compound used in positron emission tomography (PET) imaging to study the dopamine D2 receptor in the brain. Its complete nomenclature is [(18)F]fallypride, which means it is labeled with the radioactive isotope fluorine-18.

Indium (111In) capromab pendetide is a radiopharmaceutical used primarily in the medical imaging and diagnosis of prostate cancer. It is a monoclonal antibody that targets prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), which is often overexpressed in prostate cancer cells.

Iodopindolol is a beta-adrenergic antagonist, also known as a beta-blocker. It is primarily used in the field of ophthalmology for the treatment of conditions such as glaucoma and elevated intraocular pressure. Iodopindolol works by reducing the production of aqueous humor in the eye, thereby helping to lower intraocular pressure.

Nuclear Medicine Communications is a scientific journal that focuses on the field of nuclear medicine, which involves the use of radioactive materials for diagnosis and treatment of diseases. The journal publishes research articles, reviews, and clinical studies related to the applications of nuclear medicine techniques, including but not limited to, imaging technologies (like PET and SPECT), therapeutic applications, dosimetry, radiopharmaceuticals, and the development of new technologies and methods in nuclear medicine.

PET response criteria in solid tumors refer to standardized guidelines used to interpret the results of positron emission tomography (PET) scans in the context of cancer treatment response. One of the most widely recognized sets of criteria is the Deauville criteria, which is specific for evaluating treatment response in lymphoma but can also be adapted for other solid tumors.

Plaque radiotherapy is a form of localized radiation treatment primarily used to treat certain types of eye cancer, particularly uveal melanoma, which is a type of melanoma that occurs in the eye. This treatment involves the use of a small, radioactive "plaque" that is surgically placed on the surface of the eye, directly over the tumor.

Technetium (99mTc) etarfolatide is a radiopharmaceutical used as a diagnostic imaging agent in medicine, particularly in the field of oncology. It is specifically designed for molecular imaging to assess folate receptor expression in tumors.