A genome-wide chromosome-contact assay. Coverage, fragment recovery and bin size affect interpretable resolution; the matrix describes sampled contacts rather than a single universal chromosome structure.

An ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling complex uses ATP-dependent activity to alter nucleosome positioning, composition or organization. It changes access to DNA without needing to change the DNA sequence.

A bacterial DNA-recognition pair marks an integrated operator array with a fluorescent repressor. It enables live tracking of a chosen genetic locus, while the array and bound protein can perturb that locus.

A nucleosome remodeler that permits methyltransferase access to H1-containing heterochromatin.

Packaging into nucleosomes can restrict access to DNA. DDM1-dependent remodelling helps overcome that barrier, linking physical accessibility to the persistence of repressive methylation patterns in repeated genomic regions. ^[ref]

A mechanism in which a molecular complex progressively enlarges a DNA loop. Its predictions can be tested through contact maps and acute perturbation of architectural factors.

Profiling accessible DNA through transposase-mediated adapter insertion and sequencing. Enzyme bias, sample preparation and biological cell composition affect the observed accessibility landscape.

Sequencing-based mapping of DNA cleavage by DNase, used to identify accessible regions and hypersensitive sites. Sequence preferences and digestion conditions require controls.

A member of the chordate lineage that molecular evidence places closer to vertebrates than are living cephalochordates.^[ref]

A member of the lancelet lineage. Its anatomy is informative for comparisons, but a living lancelet is not an unchanged ancestor of vertebrates.

A cephalochordate lineage used in comparative analysis of chordate genomes. Modern amphioxus is a living relative, not the actual ancestor of vertebrates.

The finite Abelian sandpile model places a nonnegative number of chips at each nonsink vertex of a finite connected graph with a distinguished sink. An unstable vertex, holding at least its degree in chips, fires by sending one chip along every incident edge; chips reaching the sink disappear.

Repeated legal firings stabilize the configuration. The stable result and the number of firings at each vertex are independent of the firing order, which explains the word Abelian. Adding a chip and stabilizing therefore defines commuting operations. The sink is essential for this finite dissipative formulation: without it, chips can circulate indefinitely. Recurrent stable configurations carry the associated sandpile group, linking a local chip-firing game to the graph Laplacian.

The cone relation $\cos \theta =1/(n\beta )$ determines speed. Together with a measured kinetic energy $T$, the rest mass is $m=T/[(\gamma -1)c^2]$. The inference requires the radiation to be identified as Cherenkov radiation, and the frequency-dependent phase refractive index must be known.

At a specified frequency with transparent-medium phase index $n>1$, Cherenkov radiation requires $\beta >1/n$. Inserting the threshold speed into relativistic kinetic energy gives $K_{\mathrm{th}}=m{c}^2[(1-n^{-2}{)}^{-1/2}-1]$. Equality is the kinematic limit; the cone angle and emission vanish there. A dispersive material has different thresholds in different spectral intervals. The result uses phase velocity, not group velocity.

Return of an output to its original steady value after a persistent input change, with the adaptation property persisting over a range of model parameters. integral action can implement this property under stability and operating-range assumptions.

$\mathrm{R}{\mathrm{O}}^{-}$, the conjugate base of an alcohol.