Collection of sources; individual chapter authors and dates are recorded below.

By Delmar S. Larsen.

Published in UCD Chem 110A: Physical Chemistry I, Lectures.

Online text: chem.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_California_Davis/UCD_Chem_110A%3A_Physical_Chemistry__I/UCD_Chem_110A%3A_Physical_Chemistry_I_%28Larsen%29/Lectures/14%3A_Harmonic_Oscillators_and_IR_Spectroscopy

This particular lecture page is credited as authored, remixed, and/or curated by Delmar Larsen. This is not a claim of authorship of all materials in UCD Chem 110A. The last-modified timestamp is 7 November 2022, not an original publication date.

Cited passages: Lecture 14, introductory recap and infrared-activity section: dipole change and adjacent-level selection; Lecture 14, introductory recap: dipole-change criterion; the identical-nuclei case follows here by symmetry; Lecture 14, overtone section, Table 1 and following potential-expansion discussion.

Publisher: University of Florida, Department of Physics.

This source is credited to an organization.

Published in PHY4803L Advanced Physics Laboratory, University of Florida.

Online text: www.phys.ufl.edu/courses/phy4803L/group_III/infra_red/irspec.pdf

Institutionally issued PHY4803L advanced-physics laboratory protocol. Its footer is dated 28 October 2024 without identifying this as first publication or revision. No individual byline is verified.

Cited passages: printed pp. 1 and 3, electronic motion; p. 12, Comprehension Question 2: common isotope potential and inferred spring constants; printed pp. 10–12: Measurements, Preliminary Analysis and Data Analysis, including matched scans, excessive absorption, isotope assignments and fitted band origin.

By William E. Moerner, Lothar Kador.

Publisher: American Physical Society.

Published in Physical Review Letters.

Online text: journals.aps.org/prl/pdf/10.1103/PhysRevLett.62.2535

Cited passages: Fig. 1(d–g), Fig. 2(b–g), and pp. 2537–2538: blanks, modulation-frequency changes, background and coincident-absorber qualification; pp. 2535–2537: sample, lens, dye laser, FM/Stark and FM/ultrasound apparatus and detection.

Issued by Bureau International des Poids et Mesures.

Publisher: Bureau International des Poids et Mesures.

This source is credited to an organization.

Online text: www.bipm.org/en/si-base-units/mole

Cited passages: SI base unit: mole, definition and the requirement to specify the elementary entity.

By Santa Monica College.

Publisher: Chemistry LibreTexts.

This source is credited to an organization.

Online text: chem.libretexts.org/Ancillary_Materials/Laboratory_Experiments/Wet_Lab_Experiments/General_Chemistry_Labs/Online_Chemistry_Lab_Manual/Chem_11_Experiments/11B:_The_Dumas_Method_(Experiment)

The page credits Santa Monica College and carries a last-modified timestamp of 27 February 2026. The date is an update rather than a first-publication year.

Cited passages: Lab Report, questions 1–4: residual air, glass expansion, nonideal vapor and incomplete thermal equilibration; Santa Monica College, 11B, Experimental Set-up steps 1–6; Trials 1–3 steps 1–4: apparatus, dye endpoint, heating, drying and repetition.

By Andrew Coffey.

Publisher: Agilent Technologies UK Ltd..

Published in HPLC 2013, poster 901.

Online text: www.agilent.com/Library/posters/Public/2013_HPLC_Andrew_Coffey_SEC_Detector_combinations.pdf

Cited passages: Andrew Coffey, Size Exclusion Chromatography of Biomolecules – Detector Combinations to Obtain Maximum Information with Minimum Effort, HPLC 2013, poster 901: Experimental; Figures 3–7; Table 1.

By Sonja Schneider.

Publisher: Agilent Technologies.

Online text: www.agilent.com/cs/library/applications/5991-3955EN.pdf

Cited passages: Sonja Schneider, Determination of Protein Molecular Weight and Size Using the Agilent 1260 Infinity Multi-Detector Bio-SEC Solution with Advanced Light Scattering Detection, 5991-3955EN, printed pp. 2–4: apparatus, Table 1, Figure 2 and Table 3.

By GE Healthcare.

Publisher: GE Healthcare.

This source is credited to an organization.

Online text: biocev.lf1.cuni.cz/file/250/size-exclusion-chromatography-ge.pdf

The inspected handbook carries a copyright range ending in 2018, rather than a separately verified publication date.

Cited passages: GE Healthcare, Size Exclusion Chromatography: Principles and Methods, printed p. 16, Figure 1.8: Kav uses Vc, not Vt; GE Healthcare, Size Exclusion Chromatography: Principles and Methods, printed pp. 15–16: concentration-ratio definition and Kd limits; GE Healthcare, Size Exclusion Chromatography: Principles and Methods, printed pp. 17–18, Figures 1.9–1.10: selectivity curves, fractionation and exclusion limits; GE Healthcare, Size Exclusion Chromatography: Principles and Methods, revision 18102218 AM, printed pp. 15–16, Figure 1.7: liquid, pore and geometric volumes.

By G. P. Moss.

Publisher: IUPAC.

By Vernier.

Publisher: Vernier.

This source is credited to an organization.

Online text: www.vernier.com/manuals/gdx-pol

Cited passages: Go Direct Polarimeter User Manual, Using the Product steps 2–4; Specifications; How the Sensor Works; Go Direct Polarimeter User Manual, cosine-squared fit in Using the Product; Specifications; Troubleshooting.

Additional inspected URL: Using the Product, steps 2–4 and cosine-squared fitting; Specifications; How the Sensor Works; Troubleshooting. This trailing-slash URL identifies the existing manual; no second work or publication date is inferred.

Andrew Coffey coauthored research on chromatography.^[ref]

Chromatography separates components of a mixture through different migration rates in contact with a chromatographic stationary phase while a chromatographic mobile phase transports them. Liquid chromatography describes the physical state of the transporting phase; size-exclusion chromatography describes a separation mechanism. Classification by phase and classification by mechanism answer different questions. In ideal size-exclusion chromatography, differential access to liquid-filled pores replaces binding as the source of differential migration.

Sonja Schneider authored an application study combining size-exclusion chromatography with light scattering and concentration measurements to characterize proteins. The measurements estimate molar mass independently of a retention-time calibration alone.

A change in shape can change elution behaviour without producing the same change in molar mass. Combining detectors helps distinguish altered conformation from altered assembly.^[ref]

G. P. Moss coauthored research on stereochemistry.^[ref]

Stereochemistry studies the spatial arrangement of chemical atoms in molecules. A Fischer projection records this information at successive stereocenters, whereas a molecular formula only counts chemical atoms. See McMurry: representing carbohydrate stereochemistry.

A chemical engineer applies chemical engineering to processes involving reactions, separations or material transport. The work can include constructing mass and energy balances, estimating equipment sizes and interpreting measurements from a process. For a distillation system, vapor-liquid equilibrium predicts separation possibilities while heat and material flows determine how the equipment can achieve them. The role connects molecular properties to the behaviour of larger interacting units.