The American Mathematical Society (AMS) is a professional organization based in the United States that aims to promote the advancement, dissemination, and utilization of mathematical research and education. Founded in 1888, the AMS fulfills a variety of roles, including: 1. **Publication**: The AMS publishes several prestigious journals, books, and conference proceedings in the field of mathematics, providing a platform for researchers to share their findings.

The National Association of Mathematicians (NAM) is an organization founded in 1969 with the aim of promoting the participation of underrepresented minorities in the mathematical sciences. NAM's mission includes fostering professional development, providing networking opportunities, and serving as a voice for the interests of its members within the broader mathematics community. NAM plays a crucial role in advocating for diversity and inclusion in mathematics and related fields, organizing conferences, workshops, and educational programs to support students and professionals, particularly from marginalized communities.

Yadolah Dodge is a notable Iranian-American economist, professor, and researcher, recognized for his contributions to the fields of economic development, international economics, and agriculture. His work often focuses on economic policies, development strategies, and the impacts of globalization on developing economies. In addition to his academic pursuits, he has also been involved in policy-making and consulting, particularly concerning agricultural and economic issues in Iran and other countries.

John A. Hartigan is not a widely recognized figure in popular culture, academia, or other well-documented fields up to my knowledge cutoff in October 2023. It is possible that he could be a private individual, a professional in a specific field, or someone who became notable after that date. If you have a specific context or field in mind (like literature, politics, science, etc.

Leonard Jimmie Savage (1917–1971) was an American statistician and a key figure in the development of decision theory and Bayesian statistics. He is well known for his work in the 1950s and 1960s, particularly for his book "The Foundations of Statistics," published in 1954, which helped to lay the groundwork for the modern interpretation of Bayesian methods.

Sofia Olhede is a prominent statistician and academic known for her contributions to the fields of statistical science and data analysis. She has worked on various topics including statistical theory, data science, and the development of novel statistical methodologies. Olhede has published extensively in high-impact journals and has been involved in research that often intersects with areas such as machine learning and signal processing.

Croatian mathematicians have made significant contributions to various fields of mathematics. Some notable Croatian mathematicians include: 1. **Rudjer Boskovic** - A polymath of the 18th century, Boskovic made contributions in various areas, including astronomy, physics, and mathematics. 2. **Luka Rojnić** - Known for contributions in the fields of functional analysis and set theory.

Trevor Hastie is a prominent statistician and professor known for his work in the fields of statistics and machine learning. He is a professor at Stanford University and has made significant contributions to various areas, including statistical learning, data mining, and bioinformatics. Hastie is particularly well-known for co-authoring the influential book "The Elements of Statistical Learning," along with Robert Tibshirani and Jerome Friedman.

The 6th century saw significant developments in mathematics, particularly in the Byzantine Empire and among Indian mathematicians. Some notable figures and contributions from this period include: 1. **Diophantus of Alexandria**: Although he lived earlier (around 200–284 AD), his work influenced later mathematicians, particularly with his "Arithmetica," which dealt with solving algebraic equations.

The 1st century BC was a notable period for mathematics, particularly in the context of the development of mathematics in ancient Greece and Rome. While specific mathematicians from this period may not be as well-documented as those from earlier or later periods, several key figures and developments can be highlighted: 1. **Hero of Alexandria (circa 10 AD - 70 AD)**: Although technically from the 1st century AD, much of Hero's work was influenced by prior mathematicians.

The 2nd century BC was a significant period for the development of mathematics, particularly in the Hellenistic world and ancient Rome. Several key mathematicians and contributions from this era include: 1. **Euclid (c. 300 BC)**: While best known for his work earlier than the 2nd century BC, Euclid's influence extended into this period.

The term "Dutch mathematicians" refers to mathematicians from the Netherlands or those who have made significant contributions to the field of mathematics while being associated with the Netherlands. Throughout history, the Netherlands has produced many notable mathematicians who have contributed to various areas of mathematics. Here are a few prominent Dutch mathematicians: 1. **Christiaan Huygens (1629–1695)**: Huygens was a polymath who made significant contributions to mathematics, physics, and astronomy.

Indonesian mathematicians refer to individuals from Indonesia who specialize in mathematics and contribute to the field through research, education, and application of mathematical principles. Indonesia has a rich educational heritage, and its mathematicians have made significant contributions in various areas, including pure mathematics, applied mathematics, statistics, and mathematical education. Some notable Indonesian mathematicians include: 1. **Huub L. W. J. van der Zwan** - Known for contributions in mathematics education.

"Moldovan mathematicians" generally refers to mathematicians from Moldova, a country in Eastern Europe. While the nation may be small, it has produced a number of notable mathematicians who have contributed to various fields of mathematics. The country has a history of engagement in mathematics education and research, especially during the Soviet era when many Moldovan mathematicians were active in academia and participated in international mathematical communities.

South African mathematicians have made significant contributions to various fields of mathematics, both historically and in contemporary research. They include prominent figures who have excelled in theoretical mathematics, applied mathematics, mathematical physics, statistics, and more. Some notable South African mathematicians include: 1. **George P. E. M. Van der Linde** - Known for his work in the field of algebra.

The term "Spanish mathematicians" refers to individuals from Spain or of Spanish descent who have made significant contributions to the field of mathematics. Throughout history, Spain has produced several notable mathematicians who have influenced various areas of mathematics. Here are a few prominent Spanish mathematicians: 1. **Jerónimo de la Madre de Dios** (1548–1614) - Known for his work in algebra and for publishing several important mathematical texts during the Renaissance.

This group is a mess.

But one thing you should really know, as often mentioned in Power, Sex, Suicide by Nick Lane (2006): they are all eukaryotes.

Because prokaryotes are fundamentally unable to do phagocytosis, because they have a rigid cell wall. Changing cell shape at will requires a cytoskeleton.

Venezuelan mathematicians are individuals from Venezuela who specialize in the field of mathematics, contributing to various branches such as algebra, analysis, topology, applied mathematics, and more. The country has produced several notable mathematicians who have made significant contributions to their respective fields. Some prominent Venezuelan mathematicians include: 1. **Carlos D. Castillo-Chavez** - Known for his work in mathematical biology, particularly in epidemiology and the study of infectious diseases.