Given the view of the Standard Model where the electron and quarks are just completely separate matter fields, there is at first sight no clear theoretical requirement for that.
As mentioned e.g. at QED and the men who made it: Dyson, Feynman, Schwinger, and Tomonaga by Silvan Schweber (1994) chapter 1.6 "Hole theory", Dirac initially wanted to think of the holes in his hole theory as the protons, as a way to not have to postulate a new particle, the positron, and as a way to "explain" the proton in similar terms. Others however soon proposed arguments why the positron would need to have the same mass, and this idea had to be discarded.
WikiWikiWeb Updated 2025-07-16
The venerable first wiki.
The pre-Eternal September feeling is palpable.
People could freely comment their thoughts and sign below, making it much closer to what Ciro Santilli wants OurBigBook.com to be. But with upvotes ;-)
Nothing can better encapsulate the nostalgia of early day Internet. Genius at times, banal at others, you will be forever in our hearts!
Clade Updated 2025-07-16
Affirmative action Updated 2025-07-16
Ciro Santilli is against all affirmative action, except for one: giving amazing free eduction to the poor.
Notably, Ciro is against university entry quotas.
Erdős' conjecture on powers of 2 Updated 2025-10-27
Described at: arxiv.org/pdf/2107.12475.pdf where a relation to the Busy beaver scale is proven, and the intuitive relation to the Collatz conjecture described. Perhaps more directly: demonstrations.wolfram.com/CollatzSequenceComputedByATuringMachine/
Aging Updated 2025-07-16
Agnosticism Updated 2025-07-16
Of course, if you believe in modern science, agnosticism is just an euphemism for atheism.
ImageNet Updated 2025-07-16
14 million images with more than 20k categories, typically denoting prominent objects in the image, either common daily objects, or a wild range of animals. About 1 million of them also have bounding boxes for the objects. The images have different sizes, they are not all standardized to a single size like MNIST[ref].
Each image appears to have a single label associated to it. Care must have been taken somehow with categories, since some images contain severl possible objects, e.g. a person and some object.
In practice, the ILSVRC subset of ImageNet is the most commonly used dataset.
Official project page: www.image-net.org/
The data license is restrictive and forbids commercial usage: www.image-net.org/download.php. Also as a result you have to login to download the dataset. Super annoying.
The categories are all part of WordNet, which means that there are several parent/child categories such as dog vs type of dog available. ImageNet1k only appears to have leaf nodes however (i.e. no "dog" label, just specific types of dog).
A major model that performed well on ImageNet starting on 2012 and became notable is AlexNet.
Video 1.
A Hundred Birds Pay Homage to the Phoenix with suona solo performed by Li Guangcai
. Source.
AI accelerator Updated 2025-07-16
Video 1.
The Coming AI Chip Boom by Asianometry (2022)
Source.

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