For $Z={\sum }_i{e}^{-\beta E_i}$ and $U=⟨E⟩$, the entropy is $S=k_B\ln Z+U/T$. It follows directly by substituting canonical probabilities into $S=-k_B{\sum }_i{p}_i\ln p_i$.

Cancer invasion is penetration of cancer cells into surrounding tissue across the normal boundaries of their compartment. It is distinct from cell proliferation and from completion of distant metastatic colonization.

A myeloid malignancy classically associated with the BCR-ABL fusion. Dependence on a defined kinase driver provides a mechanistic basis for targeted inhibition.

A requirement for a particular activity in maintenance of a cancer under specified conditions. A dependency is not automatically an initiating driver or a selective therapeutic target.

The proportion of a sampled tumour preparation contributed by malignant biological cells. It affects interpretation of copy number, variant fractions and expression measurements.

The organization of a tumour into related lineages sharing inherited changes. A clonal alteration need not be a causal driver because passengers can hitchhike during expansion.

Avoidance or suppression of immune-mediated elimination. Normal immune-regulatory mechanisms can be repurposed in a tumour context.

A mouse model in which defined genetic changes are introduced to test disease mechanisms. Tissue, timing, expression level and genetic background constrain its relationship to human cancer.

A tumour-graft model using a genetically compatible host and donor, enabling investigation in an immune-competent setting. It generally uses mouse rather than human tumour biological cells.

A mouse modified to contain selected human biological components, such as immune biological cells. Humanization is partial and does not automatically reproduce all human immune interactions.

A model in which tumours arise within the relevant host tissue rather than being introduced as an established graft. Defined engineered initiation still differs from a full human exposure history.

Continued survival or growth of established malignant disease. A gene required before initiation need not remain necessary after additional alterations accumulate.

The interval between a defined starting event and detection of tumour development under a specified assay. Detection threshold and competing causes of death affect interpretation.

A mature B-cell malignancy characterized by accumulation of a clonal population. Its initiation, indolent expansion and progression are distinct biological endpoints.

Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, the enzyme catalysing carbon-dioxide addition to ribulose bisphosphate in the Calvin cycle. Its competing oxygenase reaction links carbon assimilation to photorespiration.

A variational principle specifies a function, path or field by requiring a functional to be stationary under an allowed class of variations. The admissible class includes the prescribed boundary conditions and constraints. A stationary value need not be a minimum: the Euler-Lagrange equation expresses the first-order stationarity condition, while a minimum requires additional analysis. Fermat principle applies this idea to optical path length, and the Rayleigh-Ritz method approximates a variational problem in a chosen family of trial functions.

The binding, activation and inactivation rates through which a calcium sensor transforms a calcium signature. Slow reversal can integrate closely spaced pulses, whereas rapid reversal permits recovery between them.

The divalent cation ${\mathrm{Ca}}^{2+}$. Changes in its free intracellular concentration participate in calcium signaling; total cellular calcium includes substantial bound and sequestered pools.