Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2024 iii Paper 202 1 c Solution Created 2026-09-24 Updated 2026-09-25
Because independent Brownian motions have zero quadratic covariation, the Itô product rule givesAfter integration, the random variable in the question is . Writing for independent standard Gaussian random variables , its distribution isthe scaled product of two independent standard normal random variables.
Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2024 iii Paper 202 2 b i Solution Created 2026-09-24 Updated 2026-09-25
Apply the realized absolute covariation theorem to each dyadic partition of an interval. More explicitly, use the continuous increasing clock and the Radon-Nikodym theorem to writeFor each time, let have the centered bivariate normal distribution with covariance matrix , and defineThis process is continuous and increasing. To prove convergence, localize , represent the pair as stochastic integrals against a two-dimensional Brownian motion, and approximate the integrands in by bounded step previsible processes. For step integrands, the result is the weak law of large numbers applied on each block to independent Gaussian random variables. The Burkholder-Davis-Gundy inequality and the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality make the error uniform on each compact interval in probability. Consequentlyin the sense of uniform convergence on compacts in probability.
Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2024 iii Paper 211 3 c Solution Created 2026-09-24 Updated 2026-09-25
The explicit stochastic exponential solutions satisfyConditionally on the path generated by , the last stochastic integral is a centered Gaussian random variable with variance , because is independent of . The conditional expectation of is thereforeTaking expectations and using part b proves the result.