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Directly multiplying the columns' scalar products gives $C^{T}C=I$, and direct evaluation gives $\det C=1$. Thus the operation is a proper rotation. Its trace is zero. A three-dimensional proper rotation has eigenvalues $1,e^{i\phi },e^{-i\phi }$, hence $\mathrm{tr}C=1+2\cos \phi$. ThereforeThis determines the usual unsigned angle in $[0,\pi ]$ without changing coordinates. The axis can be checked, if desired, from $C(0,1,-1{)}^T=(0,1,-1{)}^T$. The determinant test must precede the trace formula: an improper rotation instead has trace $-1+2\cos \phi$.

Multiplication by $A$ rotates the $(x,y)$ components by $\theta$ counterclockwise when viewed from positive $z$ toward the origin, leaving $z$ unchanged. It is a proper rotation about the $z$ axis, with determinant $+1$. Multiplication by $B$ sends $(x,y,z)$ to $(x,y,-z)$: it is a reflection in the $xy$ plane, with determinant $-1$. Neither operation changes a vector's Euclidean norm.

An orientation-preserving orthogonal transformation. In three dimensions it has an invariant axis and acts as a planar rotation through angle $\theta$ perpendicular to that axis. Its eigenvalues are $1,e^{i\theta },e^{-i\theta }$, so $\mathrm{tr}R=1+2\cos \theta$. In higher dimensions a proper rotation can involve several mutually orthogonal planes and need not fix an axis.