Alice White was an American physicist known for her significant contributions to the fields of nuclear physics and radiochemistry. Born in 1900, she was one of the early female scientists in a predominantly male field, and she played an important role in the development of nuclear science. White is perhaps best known for her work at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission.

Precision and recall are two important metrics used to evaluate the performance of classification models, particularly in settings where the classes are imbalanced or when the cost of false positives and false negatives differs significantly. ### Precision - **Definition**: Precision is the ratio of true positive predictions to the total number of positive predictions made by the model. It answers the question: "Of all the instances that were predicted as positive, how many were actually positive?

As of my last knowledge update in October 2021, Allan Birnbaum is not a widely recognized public figure or term in mainstream discourse. It's possible that he might be an individual known within specific contexts, such as academia, local community, arts, or other fields, but detailed information about him isn't readily available.

Shashikumar Chitre is a notable Indian astrophysicist known for his contributions to the field of astrophysics and astronomy. He has made significant advancements in areas such as stellar dynamics and cosmic structure. In addition to his scientific work, Chitre has been involved in various educational and public outreach initiatives to promote scientific understanding and interest in astronomy.

Paul Callaghan may refer to different individuals, but one notable figure is the New Zealand physicist and biophysicist who was known for his work in the field of science and his contributions to advancing science education in New Zealand. He was also a prominent advocate for science communication and public understanding of science. Callaghan received various awards for his research and was well-respected in the scientific community.

An alternant hydrocarbon is a type of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) that exhibits a specific structural property: it contains alternating single and double bonds in its carbon framework, typically in a planar arrangement. These hydrocarbons have a regular alternation of carbon-carbon bonds, meaning that no two adjacent bonds are of the same type (single or double).

In topology, an **A-paracompact space** is a generalization of the notion of paracompactness that is defined in terms of certain open covers. A topological space \( X \) is said to be **A-paracompact** if every open cover of \( X \) has a locally finite open refinement, where a refinement of an open cover is another cover that consists of subsets of the original open sets.

American applied mathematicians are mathematicians in the United States who specialize in applied mathematics, which involves the application of mathematical methods and theories to solve practical problems in various fields such as science, engineering, business, and industry. Applied mathematics can cover a wide range of topics, including but not limited to numerical analysis, optimization, mathematical modeling, statistics, computational mathematics, and operations research.

The term "American astronomer stubs" likely refers to short or incomplete articles on American astronomers found on platforms like Wikipedia. In the context of Wikipedia, a "stub" is an article that is considered too short to provide a comprehensive overview of its subject. These stubs typically need to be expanded with more information, such as the astronomers' contributions to the field, notable discoveries, biographies, and other relevant details.

Campania is a region located in the southern part of Italy. It is known for its rich history, cultural heritage, and stunning landscapes. The capital city of Campania is Naples, which is a major cultural and economic hub, famous for its historic sites, art, and cuisine, particularly pizza.

Cantor's intersection theorem is a result in set theory that pertains to nested sequences of closed sets in a complete metric space. The theorem states that if you have a sequence of closed sets in a complete metric space such that each set is contained within the previous one (i.e., a nested sequence), and if the size of these sets shrinks down to a single point, then the intersection of all these sets is non-empty and contains exactly one point.

Captatio benevolentiae is a rhetorical technique used to gain the goodwill or favor of an audience, often at the beginning of a speech or written work. The term is derived from Latin, meaning "seizing benevolence." This approach typically involves the speaker or writer making a favorable impression, expressing humility, or appealing to shared values and emotions to create a positive connection with the audience.

Catherine Cesarsky is a prominent astrophysicist known for her contributions to the field of astronomy, particularly in the study of infrared astronomy and the structure and evolution of galaxies. Born in France, she has held various prestigious positions throughout her career, including serving as the Director General of the European Southern Observatory (ESO) and as the President of the International Astronomical Union (IAU).

Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) are computational models inspired by the way biological neural networks in the human brain operate. They consist of interconnected groups of artificial neurons, where each neuron acts as a processing unit that takes in input, applies a transformation, and produces an output. Here are the key components and concepts related to ANNs: ### Key Components 1. **Neurons**: The basic processing units in an ANN, analogous to biological neurons.

A pseudorandom number generator (PRNG) is an algorithm that generates a sequence of numbers that approximates the properties of random numbers. Unlike true random number generators, which rely on physical processes or unpredictable phenomena to generate random numbers (such as radioactivity or thermal noise), PRNGs use deterministic algorithms to produce a sequence of numbers that may appear random.

C. Barry Carter is a prominent figure in the field of materials science, particularly known for his work in electron microscopy and materials characterization. He is a professor at the University of Portland and has authored or co-authored several influential texts and publications on the subject. One of his notable works is the book "Transmission Electron Microscopy: A Textbook for Materials Science," which is widely used in both academic and research settings.

Central Switzerland is a region located in the heart of the country, characterized by its stunning landscapes, lakes, and mountains. It typically includes the cantons of Lucerne, Uri, Schwyz, Obwalden, and Nidwalden. The region is known for its picturesque scenery, including Lake Lucerne, the surrounding mountains like the Pilatus and Rigi, and numerous hiking and skiing opportunities.

A **chain of trust** is a security model used to ensure the authenticity and integrity of data and communications within a network or system. It involves a sequence of trust relationships that are established between entities (such as users, devices, and services) and the certificates or keys that validate them. Here’s a closer look at the concept: ### Key Components of Chain of Trust 1.

The Central Institute of Fisheries Technology (CIFT) is a premier research institution in India, focused on the development and advancement of fisheries technology. Established in 1957 and located in Kochi, Kerala, CIFT operates under the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR). The institute aims to support the fisheries and aquaculture sectors by conducting research, developing technologies for post-harvest processing, and improving fishery practices.

Charles Blagden (1748–1820) was an English scientist known for his work in the field of thermodynamics and heat transfer. He is best remembered for his experiments related to heat and combustion, particularly his observations concerning the properties of gases and the concept of specific heat. Blagden conducted experiments that contributed to the understanding of how heat affects materials and the nature of gases. He was also a member of the Royal Society and worked closely with other prominent scientists of his time.