The census in China is a systematic and periodic official count of the population and housing in the country. It is conducted by the National Bureau of Statistics of China (NBS) and aims to gather essential demographic, social, and economic data about the population, including factors such as age, gender, education level, marital status, occupation, and migration status. China conducts a national census every 10 years, with the most recent one taking place in 2020.

The low birth-weight paradox refers to a phenomenon observed in some populations where low birth weight (LBW), typically defined as a birth weight of less than 2,500 grams (about 5.5 pounds), is associated with higher rates of morbidity and mortality in infants, while paradoxically, in certain contexts, LBW can be correlated with positive outcomes in terms of socioeconomic status and long-term health in the children who survive.

Population projection is the process of estimating the future population of a specific area, such as a country or region, based on current and historical demographic data. This involves analyzing various factors, including birth rates, death rates, immigration, and emigration patterns, to predict how the population will change over time.

Preventable causes of death refer to deaths that could potentially have been avoided through timely intervention, effective public health policies, or changes in individual behavior. These causes often relate to lifestyle choices, access to healthcare, or socio-economic conditions. Common examples include: 1. **Tobacco Use**: Lung cancer, heart disease, and other smoking-related illnesses can often be prevented by avoiding tobacco products.

The "Roe Effect" refers to a theoretical phenomenon in which the legalization of abortion leads to a decline in the birth rate of certain demographics, particularly those who are more likely to support pro-choice policies. The term is derived from the landmark U.S. Supreme Court case Roe v. Wade (1973), which legalized abortion nationwide.

"The Fixed Future" typically refers to a concept or narrative that suggests a predetermined or unchangeable outcome for events, often associated with philosophical, theological, or speculative discussions about fate, destiny, or the nature of time. It can imply that certain events or outcomes in life are set and cannot be altered by human actions or choices.

Behavioral economics is a subfield of economics that combines insights from psychology and economics to better understand how individuals make decisions. It challenges the traditional economic assumption that individuals are fully rational agents who always make decisions in their best interest based on complete information. Key concepts in behavioral economics include: 1. **Cognitive biases**: These are systematic patterns of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment.

Biflation is an economic term that refers to a situation in which both inflation and deflation occur simultaneously within an economy. This can result in different sectors or assets experiencing rising prices (inflation) while others see decreasing prices (deflation). For example, in a biflationary scenario, the prices of essential goods and services, such as food and energy, may rise due to increased demand or supply chain issues, leading to inflation.

Country risk refers to the potential for a country’s political and economic environment to negatively impact investments or business operations within that country. This type of risk can be influenced by various factors, including: 1. **Political Stability**: The likelihood of political unrest, war, terrorism, or government instability can affect business operations and investment safety. 2. **Economic Conditions**: Economic factors such as inflation, recession, currency fluctuations, and other macroeconomic indicators can influence the profitability and viability of investments.

Epistemology of finance refers to the study of the nature, scope, and origins of knowledge within the field of finance. It deals with how knowledge in finance is acquired, validated, and interpreted, and examines the underlying assumptions and frameworks that shape our understanding of financial theories, practices, and markets. Key components of the epistemology of finance include: 1. **Sources of Knowledge**: Understanding where financial knowledge comes from, including theories, models, empirical data, and market behaviors.

A fixed interest rate loan is a type of loan where the interest rate remains constant throughout the life of the loan. This means that the borrower will pay the same interest rate for the entire term, regardless of changes in market interest rates. Key characteristics of fixed interest rate loans include: 1. **Predictability**: Borrowers know exactly what their monthly payments will be for the duration of the loan, making budgeting easier.

Goodwill in accounting refers to an intangible asset that arises when a company acquires another business and pays a premium over the fair value of the identifiable net assets of that business. This premium reflects the value of factors that contribute to the company's earning potential and competitive advantage that are not individually identifiable or quantifiable. These factors may include: 1. **Brand Reputation**: The strength and recognition of the brand in the market.

The Intertemporal Capital Asset Pricing Model (ICAPM) is an extension of the traditional Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) that seeks to explain asset pricing by incorporating the investment horizon and the dynamic nature of investors' consumption and investment decisions over time. ### Key Points of ICAPM: 1. **Multiple Periods**: Unlike the standard CAPM, which typically considers a single-period framework, the ICAPM addresses how asset returns are affected over multiple time periods.

Neoclassical finance is a theoretical framework that applies principles and concepts from neoclassical economics to the field of finance. It focuses on the behavior of investors, markets, and the allocation of capital, emphasizing efficiency, rationality, and equilibrium. Here are some key aspects of neoclassical finance: 1. **Rational Investors**: Neoclassical finance assumes that investors are rational and make decisions based on utility maximization.

The concept of "No Free Lunch" in the context of optimization and machine learning refers to a theorem that states there is no one-size-fits-all algorithm that performs the best across all possible problems. Essentially, an algorithm that performs well on one class of problems may perform poorly on another. This is particularly relevant in optimization, where it highlights the need for choosing algorithms tailored to specific problem domains.

Staple financing is a term commonly used in the context of mergers and acquisitions (M&A). It refers to a financing arrangement that is made available to potential buyers during the sale of a company. This type of financing is typically arranged by the sellers or their advisors before the sale process begins and is offered as part of the transaction to facilitate the sale.

State prices, also known as Arrow-Debreu prices, refer to the theoretical prices of assets or securities that payoff in specific future states of the world. They are foundational concepts in financial economics and are used in the pricing of contingent claims and derivatives. The idea comes from the Arrow-Debreu model of general equilibrium, which provides a framework for understanding how goods and services are allocated in an economy under certainty.

FIDYST does not appear to be a widely recognized acronym or term up to my last knowledge update in October 2023. It's possible that it could refer to a specialized term in a niche field, a new technology, a company, or a product that emerged after that date.

Upside risk refers to the potential for a financial asset's price or value to rise significantly beyond its expected level or mean. While most discussions around risk focus on downside risk (the possibility of loss or a decrease in value), upside risk highlights the opportunity for gains. In investing, upside risk can be viewed positively, as it signifies the potential for higher returns.