$\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{H}}_3\mathrm{MgBr}$, a methyl-transfer grignard reagent in the usual organometallic accounting.

The straight-chain four-carbon grignard reagent $\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{H}}_3(\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{H}}_2{)}_3\mathrm{MgBr}$ when the n-butyl form is specified.

${\mathrm{C}}_6{\mathrm{H}}_{11}\mathrm{MgBr}$, a cyclohexyl-transfer grignard reagent.

A grignard reagent in which magnesium is attached directly to an alkenyl carbon, $\mathrm{RCH}=\mathrm{CHMgX}$. Addition to a carbonyl compound can form an allylic alcohol while retaining the geometry of the pre-existing alkene.

Surface-bound molecules surrounding a nanoparticle. Solvation and interactions between outer groups influence dispersibility and aggregation.

protein glycosylation attaches a carbohydrate group to a protein directly or extends a protein-associated glycan. Donor supply, acceptor accessibility, enzyme specificity and compartmentation jointly determine the product.

A kinetic crossover at which structural or segmental relaxation becomes too slow for the observation timescale. Its apparent temperature depends on thermal history and measurement rate.

A glass containing boron- and silicon-based network formers. Waste-glass durability depends on the full composition and contacting solution, not solely on the presence of these two elements.

A constituent participating in the connected glass network. silicon and boron can be network formers in borosilicate waste glass; local coordination depends on composition.

A constituent that changes network connectivity or charge balance. Alkali ions can be exchanged during aqueous glass alteration without initially releasing the entire silicate network.

Formation of crystalline regions from an initially glassy material. Its effect on waste-form durability depends on the phases formed and the composition left in the residual glass.

Formation of compositionally distinct regions in a glass. A minor, less durable region can change release behaviour even when the bulk composition is unchanged.

A developmental designation for mesodermal and endodermal progenitors or a shared regulatory state. A shared marker profile does not prove every individual cell is bipotent.

Palaeomagnetism is the study of past magnetic fields recorded by geological or archaeological material, also spelled paleomagnetism. A measured direction or polarity can be compared with a dated regional or global magnetic sequence to constrain an event's age.

The magnetic component must belong to the event being dated: subsequent heating or chemical change can produce remagnetization. Laboratory separation of magnetic components and independent geological relationships are therefore part of the dating argument.^[ref]

Chemical alteration of silicate minerals by water and dissolved carbon dioxide. Coupled to transport and subsequent carbonate burial, this provides a long-term geological sink for added carbon. Its response is much slower than atmospheric mixing or upper-ocean exchange; a rapid pulse can persist while this adjustment proceeds.

Seismology studies elastic waves generated by earthquakes, impacts and controlled sources, and uses them to investigate planetary interiors. A seismometer converts ground motion into a recorded seismogram. Arrival times, waveforms and amplitudes then constrain both the source and the material traversed by the waves.

P waves respond to compression and S waves to shear. Their different speeds and their reflections or conversions at interfaces help distinguish layers. Locating an earthquake requires several stations because its origin time and location must be estimated along with the propagation model. A single late arrival can reflect a deeper source, a slower path or a mistaken seismic phase assignment.

Approximate gravitational compensation of loads by subsurface mass redistribution. Airy and Pratt models use local column balances; flexural support spreads the load laterally. Real surface topography can also be maintained by dynamic stresses.

A difference between observed gravity and a specified reference field after stated reductions. Free-air, Bouguer and isostatic anomalies remove different modeled effects; they are not interchangeable raw measurements.