By Richard Feynman, Robert B. Leighton, Matthew Sands.

By Wesley P. Wong, Ken Halvorsen.

Online text: arxiv.org/html/physics/0607156v1

Cited passages: Wesley P. Wong and Ken Halvorsen, The effect of integration time on fluctuation measurements: calibrating an optical trap in the presence of motion blur (2006), §II and §IV, equations 15 and 32: exposure averaging, optical apparatus and fixed-bead noise control.

By Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2.016 course staff.

Online text: ocw.mit.edu/courses/2-016-hydrodynamics-13-012-fall-2005/8855a20481c940658c8f6d2853c4d496_lab2.pdf

Cited passages: MIT 2.016, Surface Waves Kinematics, 14 October 2005, Equipment and tasks 1–6: calibrated resistance probes and separate phase/group timing.

By David Tong.

Online text: davidtong.org/teaching/statistical-physics/statmechhtml/S5

Cited passages: Tong, Statistical Physics, first-order and continuous transitions; Tong, Statistical Physics, phase coexistence and latent heat.

Online text: www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/tong/statphys/five.pdf

Authored lecture-notes chapter. University of Cambridge, Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics. Date role: No year inferred from filename, course date or crawl date..

Additional cited passages: chapter 5, §5.2, equations (5.192)–(5.194); §5.2.3, finite-system analyticity paragraph; §5.3.1, equations (5.202)–(5.206). The chapter retains the whole-work David Tong byline; no separately contributed chapter author or publication date is established.

Online chapter: davidtong.org/teaching/statistical-physics/statmechhtml/S5

By Richard Fitzpatrick.

Online text: farside.ph.utexas.edu/teaching/315/Waves/node74.html

Cited passages: Richard Fitzpatrick, Pulse Propagation, equation 9.7: the deep-water gravity-capillary dispersion relation; Richard Fitzpatrick, Pulse Propagation, equations 9.9–9.16: first-order expansion and envelope translation; subsequent discussion explains the neglected curvature.

By Jan Gieseler.

Online text: arxiv.org/html/2004.05246v1

Cited passages: Jan Gieseler et al., Optical Tweezers: A Comprehensive Tutorial from Calibration to Applications (2020), §§2.1–2.2, 3.3 and Tables 1–3: apparatus, Brownian position variance and comparison of calibrations.

By Steven G. Johnson.

Online text: math.mit.edu/~stevenj/18.369/spring16/

Cited passages: Steven G. Johnson, MIT 18.369 Nanophotonics, Spring 2016, lectures 18–19: energy velocity as averaged flux divided by density, and its equality with group velocity in the lossless electromagnetic setting.

By A. H. Techet.

Online text: web.mit.edu/13.012/www/handouts/Reading5.pdf

Cited passages: A. H. Techet, Free Surface Water Waves, Fall 2004, §II–III, equation 3.2 and §VI: finite-depth dispersion and its limits; A. H. Techet, Free Surface Water Waves, §VI, equations 6.8–6.11: group/phase ratio and depth limits.

By Martín Monteiro, Cecilia Stari, Cecilia Cabeza, Arturo C. Martí.

Online text: arxiv.org/abs/1910.00072

Cited passages: Monteiro, Stari, Cabeza and Martí, 2019, page 2, equations 2-4: bar and phone contributions about each suspension point; Monteiro, Stari, Cabeza and Martí, Experimental analysis of a physical pendulum with variable suspension point, 2019, pages 2-4: apparatus, three period readouts and comparison with the model.

By Simon F. Tolić-Nørrelykke, Erik Schäffer, Jonathon Howard, Francesco S. Pavone, Frank Jülicher, Henrik Flyvbjerg.

Online text: arxiv.org/abs/physics/0603037

Cited passages: Simon F. Tolić-Nørrelykke et al., Calibration of optical tweezers with positional detection in the back-focal-plane (2006), abstract: combined thermal-spectrum and stage-driven calibration.

An experimental physicist who, with Walther Meissner, discovered that cooling a material into superconductivity can reorganize an already present magnetic field. Their 1933 measurements on tin and lead cylinders showed the field being expelled from the superconducting material. This Meissner effect supplies information beyond zero electrical resistance: merely preserving an existing field, as an ideal conductor would, does not explain the observed change on cooling.^[ref]

Walther Meissner and Robert Ochsenfeld found that cooling a sample into its superconducting state changes the surrounding magnetic field even when the applied field is held fixed. Their tin and lead experiments used a rotating search coil and a galvanometer to compare magnetic flux above and below the transition. The Meissner effect therefore requires more than zero electrical resistance: a superconductor has a distinctive magnetic response. Their hollow-tube measurements also showed why field in a cavity must be distinguished from field inside the superconducting material.^[ref]

An author of a detailed technical treatment of the optics of telescopes. His exposition connects optical aberrations, diffraction and instrument geometry with the appearance of an image. Comparing ideal and imperfect optical systems helps readers judge how a proposed telescope design will concentrate light and what limits the sharpness of its image.^[ref]

A physicist.^[ref]

The Van der Waals equation connects a dilute gas model to the possibility of a liquid-gas critical point. Its usefulness includes showing how attractions and excluded volume can change an equation of state; its simple constants do not make it an exact model for every fluid.

Thomas Andrews measured the pressure-volume behaviour of carbon dioxide around its liquid-gas critical region. Coupled capillaries and controlled water jackets connected pressure changes with temperature and the visible disappearance of a phase boundary.

The observations show how a liquid can be connected continuously with a gas by a path around the critical point. They distinguish a phase-boundary crossing from every possible change between liquid-like and gas-like densities.^[ref]

A chemist.^[ref]