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Online text: openstax.org/books/organic-chemistry/pages/5-7-meso-compounds

Cited passages: McMurry, Organic Chemistry, §5.7, Figure 5.12: meso-tartaric acid and its symmetry plane.

Online text: openstax.org/books/organic-chemistry/pages/5-5-sequence-rules-for-specifying-configuration

Cited passages: McMurry, Organic Chemistry, §5.5, Figure 5.8 and discussion after Figure 5.10; McMurry, Organic Chemistry, §5.5, Rules 1–3; McMurry, Organic Chemistry, §5.5, discussion after Figure 5.10: no simple relation between R/S and rotation sign.

Online text: openstax.org/books/organic-chemistry/pages/5-3-optical-activity

Cited passages: McMurry, Organic Chemistry, §5.3, Figure 5.6 and specific-rotation discussion; McMurry, Organic Chemistry, §5.3: observed rotation divided by path length and mass concentration.

Online text: openstax.org/books/organic-chemistry/pages/5-2-the-reason-for-handedness-in-molecules-chirality

Cited passages: McMurry, Organic Chemistry, §5.2: whole-molecule chirality, four different groups and equivalent ring paths.

The endoplasmic reticulum is a membrane-enclosed network of tubules and flattened sacs in a typical eukaryotic biological cell. Its continuous boundary encloses the ER lumen, separate from the cytosol, and connects with the outer nuclear envelope. Rough endoplasmic reticulum and smooth endoplasmic reticulum are regions of this network.^[ref]

An optical microscopist studies specimens using optical imaging and controls illumination, contrast and focusing to extract information. The work requires distinguishing specimen structure from effects of optical blur, aberration, labeling and detector response.

For instance, a fluorescent spot can be smaller than the optical resolution yet have its position estimated from many detected photons. Localization precision and the ability to resolve two nearby objects are related but different measurement questions.

Electron optics studies how electric fields and magnetic fields guide electrons and form images. The Lorentz force supplies a trajectory description, while the de Broglie wavelength supplies the wave scale needed for diffraction. Both descriptions matter: steering a narrow beam and resolving two nearby specimen features are different achievements.

For a magnetic electron lens,Here $e>0$ is the elementary charge, $\mathbf{v}$ the electron velocity, and $\mathbf{B}$ the magnetic field. The second equality follows because a cross product is perpendicular to each factor: a static magnetic field bends the trajectory without increasing the kinetic energy. Acceleration instead requires work by an electric field. This distinction lets an electron microscope adjust imaging with magnetic fields while an accelerating voltage sets the electron momentum.

Online text: pages.cs.wisc.edu/~remzi/OSTEP/vm-beyondphys.pdf

Chapter 21 of Operating Systems: Three Easy Pieces by Remzi H. Arpaci-Dusseau and others. The existing parent-book record supplies the authors and 2023 version 1.10 metadata; no separate chapter date or author is inferred.

Cited passages: Chapter 21, §§21.2–21.5, printed pp. 3–7: present bit, terminology aside and Figures 21.2–21.3.

Online text: pages.cs.wisc.edu/~remzi/OSTEP/vm-tlbs.pdf

Chapter 19 of Operating Systems: Three Easy Pieces by Remzi H. Arpaci-Dusseau and others. The existing parent-book record supplies the authors and 2023 version 1.10 metadata; no separate chapter date or author is inferred.

Cited passages: Chapter 19, §§19.1, 19.3–19.4, printed pp. 2, 6, 8: permission checks, refill ownership and cached attributes; §19.5, printed pp. 9–10: flushing and address-space identifiers.

Online text: pages.cs.wisc.edu/~remzi/OSTEP/vm-mechanism.pdf

Chapter 15 of Operating Systems: Three Easy Pieces by Remzi H. Arpaci-Dusseau and others. The existing parent-book record supplies the authors and 2023 version 1.10 metadata; no separate chapter date or author is inferred.

Cited passages: Chapter 15, printed pp. 1–2: hardware translation and operating-system control.

Online text: opendatastructures.org/newhtml/ods/latex2/binarytrees.html

Cited passages: Pat Morin, Open Data Structures, chapter 6: roots, left and right children; Pat Morin, Open Data Structures, section 6.2.1: exact-match searching; Pat Morin, Open Data Structures, section 6.2: the binary search tree property.

Online text: cs3110.github.io/textbook/chapters/correctness/module_docs.html

The PDF version is dated 29 September 2026.

Cited passages: Section 8.3.1, Abstraction Functions: several concrete values mapping to one abstract value; Section 8.3.4, Representation Invariants: valid domain of AF; Sections 8.3.3, Commutative Diagrams, and 8.3.4, Representation Invariants: matching abstract results and preservation of valid representations.

By Andrew V. Sutherland.

Online text: ocw.mit.edu/courses/18-785-number-theory-i-fall-2021/mit18_785f21_lec17.pdf

Lecture notes explicitly credited to Andrew V. Sutherland and dated 8 November 2021. The author footer credits this individual lecture; MIT is the institutional host and Fall 2021 identifies the course offering.

Cited passages: Lecture 17, §17.1, Lemma 17.9 and proof, printed p. 3: differential-equation proof for the unit Gaussian; scaled here to a>0; Lecture 17, §17.1, Theorem 17.8 and proof, printed p. 3: periodization and Fourier coefficients.

Online text: ocw.mit.edu/courses/6-7220j-nonlinear-optimization-spring-2025/mit6_7220_s25_lec07.pdf

Lecture 7 course notes identify Gabriele Farina as instructor and record revisions through 15 March 2025. No signed individual chapter or whole-course author byline is established. The date is a revision date, distinct from the Spring 2025 offering.

Cited passages: Lecture 7, §L7.1.1, Definition L7.1, printed p. 3: the four KKT requirements; Lecture 7, §L7.1.3, Theorem L7.3, printed p. 4: continuous differentiability and independent active gradients; Lecture 7, §L7.1.3, Theorem L7.3, printed p. 4: independent active gradients.

Chapter 2 contributors: Frank W. J. Olver, Roderick S. C. Wong. These are chapter credits within the edited NIST Digital Library of Mathematical Functions.^[ref]

Publisher: National Institute of Standards and Technology.

Online text: dlmf.nist.gov/2.11

Online reference release inspected: version 1.2.8, 15 September 2026. This date identifies the site release.

Cited passages: NIST Digital Library of Mathematical Functions, §2.11(i): numerical accuracy versus asymptotic expansion and finite-parameter checks; §2.11(iii): exponentially improved expansions.

Chapter 2 contributors: Frank W. J. Olver, Roderick S. C. Wong. These are chapter credits within the edited NIST Digital Library of Mathematical Functions.^[ref]

Publisher: National Institute of Standards and Technology.

Online text: dlmf.nist.gov/2.1

Online reference release inspected: version 1.2.8, 15 September 2026. This date identifies the site release.

Cited passages: NIST Digital Library of Mathematical Functions, §2.1(iii), equations 2.1.13–2.1.15: fixed-order inverse-power expansions and uniqueness; §2.1(v): generalized asymptotic scales and expansions.

By Nico M. Temme.

Online text: dlmf.nist.gov/7.12

Section of DLMF Chapter 7, Error Functions, Dawson’s and Fresnel Integrals, credited to Nico M. Temme on dlmf.nist.gov/7. The inspected site release is version 1.2.8, dated 15 September 2026; this is not an original section publication date.

Cited passages: §7.12(i), equation 7.12.1 and its real-axis remainder statement.

By Nico M. Temme.

Online text: dlmf.nist.gov/7.2

Section of DLMF Chapter 7, Error Functions, Dawson’s and Fresnel Integrals, credited to Nico M. Temme on dlmf.nist.gov/7. The inspected site release is version 1.2.8, dated 15 September 2026; this is not an original section publication date.

Cited passages: NIST Digital Library of Mathematical Functions, §7.2, equations 7.2.1–7.2.4; §7.2(i), equation 7.2.1, entire-function statement and real-axis limits in 7.2.4; §7.2(i), equation 7.2.2 and the entire-function statement.