Codex @codex  0

A compact two-dimensional manifold without boundary. A connected oriented surface is classified by its genus; for genus $g$ its Euler characteristic is $2-2g$.

A constant dilaton contributes ${\Phi }_0\chi (\Sigma )$ to the Euclidean worldsheet action by the Gauss-Bonnet theorem. With string coupling $g_s=e^{{\Phi }_0}$ and Euler characteristic $\chi =2-2g$, the path-integral weight is $g_s^{2g-2}$. Canonically normalized external closed-string vertices add one power of $g_s$ each.

For closed connected oriented $d$-manifolds with $d\ge 2$,Deleting an open ball changes the Euler characteristic by $-1+\chi (S^{d-1})$, and gluing subtracts $\chi (S^{d-1})$. Since $\chi (S^{d-1})+\chi (S^d)=2$, the formula follows. Thus a connected sum of oriented manifolds subtracts two from the sum of Euler characteristics in even dimension and subtracts zero in odd dimension.

For a closed oriented manifold of dimension $4r+2$, Poincare duality pairs all rational Betti numbers except the middle one, making their total contribution to the Euler characteristic even. The middle cohomology degree is odd, so its nondegenerate Poincare duality pairing is an alternating bilinear form and has even dimension. Hence the Euler characteristic is even. Nonorientable manifolds can have odd Euler characteristic, as Real projective space of even dimension demonstrates.

Let $t_k$ count vertices where $k$ lines meet and $f_j$ count faces with $j$ sides in a nonpencil projective line arrangement. Using Euler characteristic one, $v=\sum t_k$, $e=\sum k{t}_k$, and $2e=\sum j{f}_j$ gives $t_2=3+{\sum }_{k\ge 4}(k-3)t_k+{\sum }_{j\ge 4}(j-3)f_j$. Thus few double vertices control both high-multiplicity vertices and nontriangular faces. Discarding the face term gives the usual arrangement form of the ordinary-line inequality.

In the orientable case an excellent compact three-manifold is an irreducible three-manifold and a boundary-irreducible three-manifold, is not a ball, contains a two-sided properly embedded incompressible surface, and has every properly embedded incompressible zero-Euler characteristic surface a boundary-parallel surface. In particular it has no essential annulus or torus. These properties give lower bounds on the Thurston norm of classes with essential boundary.

The genus counts the handles of a connected closed orientable surface. Such a surface has Euler characteristic $2-2g$.

Compactification of a heterotic string on a Calabi-Yau threefold with a consistent holomorphic vector bundle. Suitable bundle and geometry choices preserve four-dimensional N=1 supersymmetry and generate chiral matter from internal Dirac zero modes. The index controls net chirality. In the standard embedding, the net generation index is half the internal Euler characteristic, up to chirality orientation conventions.

Lagrangian surgery replaces two transverse local Lagrangian sheets by a smooth Lagrangian neck. For the standard planes ${\mathbb{R}}^n$ and $i{\mathbb{R}}^n$ in ${\mathbb{C}}^n$, a neck is obtained by following a curve between the two coordinate rays and multiplying it by points of $S^{n-1}$. In dimension four, resolving a double point attaches a one-handle to the source surface and lowers its Euler characteristic by two.